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What makes a home resilient?Extreme weatherevents are becoming increasingly frequent around the world. From power outages, hurricanes, and earthquakes to wildfires, floods, and droughts, the world is experiencing a process of transformation and adaptation that requires collaboration among diverse disciplines. The role of architecture in thebuilt environmentreflects an opportunity to rethink how homes perform under changing environmental conditions—not only by anticipating the unexpected. Designing for resilience means thinking holistically, considering material choices, energy systems, landscaping, and construction details that anticipate disruption and help homes recover quickly. It involves creating architecture that evolves with theenvironment, is worth preserving, and endures for years and generations. What makes a home resilient?Extreme weatherevents are becoming increasingly frequent around the world. From power outages, hurricanes, and earthquakes to wildfires, floods, and droughts, the world is experiencing a process of transformation and adaptation that requires collaboration among diverse disciplines. The role of architecture in thebuilt environmentreflects an opportunity to rethink how homes perform under changing environmental conditions—not only by anticipating the unexpected. Designing for resilience means thinking holistically, considering material choices, energy systems, landscaping, and construction details that anticipate disruption and help homes recover quickly. It involves creating architecture that evolves with theenvironment, is worth preserving, and endures for years and generations. + 4 When it comes to residential design, resilience has emerged as a key consideration, revealing the possibility of combining innovation, safety, and aesthetic quality. Resilient design is about stewardship and focuses on creating structures that anticipate, endure, and recover fromnatural disasterssuch as wildfires, high winds, flooding, and power outages. By combining protective elements to achieve functionality and durability, professionals in the design and building sectors integrate a range of components into resilient homes, including: When it comes to residential design, resilience has emerged as a key consideration, revealing the possibility of combining innovation, safety, and aesthetic quality. Resilient design is about stewardship and focuses on creating structures that anticipate, endure, and recover fromnatural disasterssuch as wildfires, high winds, flooding, and power outages. By combining protective elements to achieve functionality and durability, professionals in the design and building sectors integrate a range of components into resilient homes, including: Fire-resistant siding and roofing to minimize wildfire damage.Strategic landscaping and site planning to mitigate risks from natural disasters.Sealed, high-performance building envelopes to combat moisture and air infiltration.Durable fenestration systems that can withstand extreme weather conditions. Related ArticleFraming Interiors and Landscapes in Aluminum and Glass to Master the View According to the2024 AIA Firm Survey Report, more than 60% of architects now incorporate resilient design elements into their material selections for residential projects. But why does resilience matter in architecture?The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)reports that the United States experienced 27 confirmed weather and climate disaster events in 2024, each causing losses exceeding $1 billion. These events ranged from droughts and floods to severe storms and tropical cyclones. According to the2024 AIA Firm Survey Report, more than 60% of architects now incorporate resilient design elements into their material selections for residential projects. But why does resilience matter in architecture?The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)reports that the United States experienced 27 confirmed weather and climate disaster events in 2024, each causing losses exceeding $1 billion. These events ranged from droughts and floods to severe storms and tropical cyclones. Extending far beyond individual homes, resilient design gives communities the opportunity to recover more quickly from disruptive events. By enabling faster recovery, the adoption of resilient building design standards can significantly reduce damage and help protect lives and property. This holistic approach brings together foresight, strategic planning, and advanced material solutions. Climate-resilient architecture also ensures compliance with evolving building regulations in wildfire-prone areas such as California. Features like WUI-compliant windows and Title 24–compliant windows promote both innovation and adherence to regulatory standards. Extending far beyond individual homes, resilient design gives communities the opportunity to recover more quickly from disruptive events. By enabling faster recovery, the adoption of resilient building design standards can significantly reduce damage and help protect lives and property. This holistic approach brings together foresight, strategic planning, and advanced material solutions. Climate-resilient architecture also ensures compliance with evolving building regulations in wildfire-prone areas such as California. Features like WUI-compliant windows and Title 24–compliant windows promote both innovation and adherence to regulatory standards. Beyond performance and durability, quality window and door systems offer long-term value. Resilient windows and doors can mean lower cooling costs, more stable indoor temperatures, and increased protection. By combining resilience and aesthetics,Western Window Systems' solutionscater to architects, builders, and interior designers who prioritize building materials suitable for high-risk fire zones and energy-efficient construction techniques. As part of their core philosophy, resilience is built into their components, reflecting a trajectory of design adaptation that anticipates the potential impacts of flooding, hail, drought, earthquakes, power outages, wildfires, and more. Beyond performance and durability, quality window and door systems offer long-term value. Resilient windows and doors can mean lower cooling costs, more stable indoor temperatures, and increased protection. By combining resilience and aesthetics,Western Window Systems' solutionscater to architects, builders, and interior designers who prioritize building materials suitable for high-risk fire zones and energy-efficient construction techniques. As part of their core philosophy, resilience is built into their components, reflecting a trajectory of design adaptation that anticipates the potential impacts of flooding, hail, drought, earthquakes, power outages, wildfires, and more. Building with Flame in Mind According to theNational Interagency Fire Center, nearly 9 million acres burned in U.S. wildfires in 2024—more than half of them in wildland–urban interface zones. Wildfires remain a persistent threat, demonstrating that site design can play a vital role in fire mitigation. To help reduce fire spread, architects and designers should consider managing vegetation near the home, selecting less flammable species for trees and shrubs, and limiting mulch or grasses near the foundation. However, designing for fire does not mean abandoning wood. While fiber cement, metal, brick, stone, and stucco siding offer high fire resistance, mass timber and glulam products also demonstrate surprising fire performance. When exposed to flame, their outer layer chars, protecting the structural core. According to theNational Interagency Fire Center, nearly 9 million acres burned in U.S. wildfires in 2024—more than half of them in wildland–urban interface zones. Wildfires remain a persistent threat, demonstrating that site design can play a vital role in fire mitigation. To help reduce fire spread, architects and designers should consider managing vegetation near the home, selecting less flammable species for trees and shrubs, and limiting mulch or grasses near the foundation. However, designing for fire does not mean abandoning wood. While fiber cement, metal, brick, stone, and stucco siding offer high fire resistance, mass timber and glulam products also demonstrate surprising fire performance. When exposed to flame, their outer layer chars, protecting the structural core. Aluminum windows as well as tempered glass can also contribute to fire resistance. Aluminum window frames, such as those produced byWestern Window Systems, are noncombustible, corrosion-resistant, and capable of withstanding extreme heat. With a melting point of approximately 1,200°F, these frames offer extreme durability in fire-prone and high-exposure environments. In addition, many of their options meet California's Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) Building Standards and Title 24 energy efficiency requirements. Beyond ensuring safer designs, architects and builders can work with these materials to achieve higher performance, as well as greater durability and reliability, in disaster-resistant homes. By adressing glazing and openings in wildfire-prone areas, the analysis of factors such as ember intrusion risks, WUI glazing considerations, and the role of tempered or multi-pane glass assemblies in fire exposure demonstrate a vital approach that links wildfire resilience to building envelope design. Aluminum windows as well as tempered glass can also contribute to fire resistance. Aluminum window frames, such as those produced byWestern Window Systems, are noncombustible, corrosion-resistant, and capable of withstanding extreme heat. With a melting point of approximately 1,200°F, these frames offer extreme durability in fire-prone and high-exposure environments. In addition, many of their options meet California's Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) Building Standards and Title 24 energy efficiency requirements. Beyond ensuring safer designs, architects and builders can work with these materials to achieve higher performance, as well as greater durability and reliability, in disaster-resistant homes. By adressing glazing and openings in wildfire-prone areas, the analysis of factors such as ember intrusion risks, WUI glazing considerations, and the role of tempered or multi-pane glass assemblies in fire exposure demonstrate a vital approach that links wildfire resilience to building envelope design. Standing Up to the Storm From monsoons in Tucson, Arizona, to superstorms in New York City, high winds and driving rain have pushed resilience to the center of residential practice. Recognizing how rain must be managed across the building envelope, many architects now adopt oversized gutters, detailed flashing, and sloped drainage planes as standard practice. For example, a new home on Maui's northeast shore in Hawaii incorporatesWestern Window Systemsproducts that blend aesthetics with resilience. Hawaii's climate can be particularly demanding on building materials due to its tropical nature, with conditions that vary depending on altitude and surroundings. Airborne salt spray can scratch and degrade glazing in windows and doors, while heavy rains and higher temperatures can affect interior comfort. David Sellers, principal of Hawai'i Off GridArchitecture& Engineering, adds that the site receives 90–100 inches of rain each year, making durable glazing and long-lasting hardware essential. In addition, a deep roof overhang was designed to protect rooms from both rain and intense sun. From monsoons in Tucson, Arizona, to superstorms in New York City, high winds and driving rain have pushed resilience to the center of residential practice. Recognizing how rain must be managed across the building envelope, many architects now adopt oversized gutters, detailed flashing, and sloped drainage planes as standard practice. For example, a new home on Maui's northeast shore in Hawaii incorporatesWestern Window Systemsproducts that blend aesthetics with resilience. Hawaii's climate can be particularly demanding on building materials due to its tropical nature, with conditions that vary depending on altitude and surroundings. Airborne salt spray can scratch and degrade glazing in windows and doors, while heavy rains and higher temperatures can affect interior comfort. David Sellers, principal of Hawai'i Off GridArchitecture& Engineering, adds that the site receives 90–100 inches of rain each year, making durable glazing and long-lasting hardware essential. In addition, a deep roof overhang was designed to protect rooms from both rain and intense sun. Regarding different environmental conditions, architects often select diverse glazing systems considering design pressure ratings in relation to wind loads, laminated versus tempered glazing strategies, frame depth and structural reinforcement for large openings. Architectural solutions that incorporate laminated glass and reinforced frames provide structural durability in the face of windstorms and heavy rain. In terms of laminated glass and products with high design pressure (DP), a DP rating of 50 or higher indicates stronger resistance to wind loads and structural stress. These ratings are verified by standards established by the Fenestration and Glazing Industry Alliance (FGIA) and the Window & Door Manufacturers Association (WDMA). Regarding different environmental conditions, architects often select diverse glazing systems considering design pressure ratings in relation to wind loads, laminated versus tempered glazing strategies, frame depth and structural reinforcement for large openings. Architectural solutions that incorporate laminated glass and reinforced frames provide structural durability in the face of windstorms and heavy rain. In terms of laminated glass and products with high design pressure (DP), a DP rating of 50 or higher indicates stronger resistance to wind loads and structural stress. These ratings are verified by standards established by the Fenestration and Glazing Industry Alliance (FGIA) and the Window & Door Manufacturers Association (WDMA). Based on structural performance, aesthetics and thermal expansion, the thermal performance design of glazing systems provides a framework to meet architects' needs for sightlines, sizes, strength, and configurability. For example, the Performance Line doors' resistance to wind load is influenced by the placement of the thermal break within the extrusion. As Richard Mazur,Western Window Systems' design engineering manager, states "Structurally, when you add a thermal break, you are going to be producing a less stiff shape. This is due to the interface between the thermal break and the aluminum. On the Performance Line, the crimps that hold the thermal strut in place will break free once a certain transverse shear stress is reached. If this limit is reached under wind load, this will cause the crimps to fail and cause the stile to suffer permanent deflection, even though we did not reach the yield stress limit for the aluminum. We can improve the stiffness/performance by where we place the thermal break in the extrusion." Based on structural performance, aesthetics and thermal expansion, the thermal performance design of glazing systems provides a framework to meet architects' needs for sightlines, sizes, strength, and configurability. For example, the Performance Line doors' resistance to wind load is influenced by the placement of the thermal break within the extrusion. As Richard Mazur,Western Window Systems' design engineering manager, states "Structurally, when you add a thermal break, you are going to be producing a less stiff shape. This is due to the interface between the thermal break and the aluminum. On the Performance Line, the crimps that hold the thermal strut in place will break free once a certain transverse shear stress is reached. If this limit is reached under wind load, this will cause the crimps to fail and cause the stile to suffer permanent deflection, even though we did not reach the yield stress limit for the aluminum. We can improve the stiffness/performance by where we place the thermal break in the extrusion." Managing Too Much or Too Little Managing and conserving water is one of the central focuses of resilient design. Capturing precipitation represents more than a request shared among professionals, clients, and developers—it reflects a commitment to engaging with the surrounding environment in order to achieve self-sufficiency, sustainability, and resilience. Site features such as swales and rain gardens can absorb runoff and support landscapes during dry periods. At the same time, drought-resistant plantings with deep root systems can help reduce fire risk and prevent erosion on sloped sites. Managing and conserving water is one of the central focuses of resilient design. Capturing precipitation represents more than a request shared among professionals, clients, and developers—it reflects a commitment to engaging with the surrounding environment in order to achieve self-sufficiency, sustainability, and resilience. Site features such as swales and rain gardens can absorb runoff and support landscapes during dry periods. At the same time, drought-resistant plantings with deep root systems can help reduce fire risk and prevent erosion on sloped sites. In flood-prone areas, architects and designers are working to raise floor elevations, divert stormwater away from structures, and design outdoor spaces that can temporarily hold heavy rainfall. Strategies often include subtle site grading, well-placed plantings, and the use of permeable surfaces. In dialogue with natural environments—whether providing scenic views or maximizing natural light—expansive glazing systems interact not only with their surroundings but also contribute to the overall performance of the building envelope. In flood-prone areas, architects and designers are working to raise floor elevations, divert stormwater away from structures, and design outdoor spaces that can temporarily hold heavy rainfall. Strategies often include subtle site grading, well-placed plantings, and the use of permeable surfaces. In dialogue with natural environments—whether providing scenic views or maximizing natural light—expansive glazing systems interact not only with their surroundings but also contribute to the overall performance of the building envelope. Keeping the Lights On According to the nonprofit research group Climate Central, weather contributed to more than 80% of all power outages in the United States between 2000 and 2023. Interest in greater control over energy supply has continued to grow, with solar panels emerging as one possible response to this demand, though they rarely provide enough power for large homes with high electrical demands. Many architects are integrating backup power generators for clients who want assurance that HVAC systems, refrigeration, and communications will continue operating during emergencies. According to the nonprofit research group Climate Central, weather contributed to more than 80% of all power outages in the United States between 2000 and 2023. Interest in greater control over energy supply has continued to grow, with solar panels emerging as one possible response to this demand, though they rarely provide enough power for large homes with high electrical demands. Many architects are integrating backup power generators for clients who want assurance that HVAC systems, refrigeration, and communications will continue operating during emergencies. In the face of unpredictable weather conditions, high-performance windows and doors play a critical role in resilient residential design. By incorporating materials and technologies that reduce heat transfer and manage solar gain,Western Window Systemsoffers several product families designed to balance expansive glazing with structural strength and energy performance. Systems such as the Performance Line and Series 8000 use slim aluminum framing, advanced glazing options, and thermal breaks to support resilient residential design without compromising architectural expression. Solutions that understand architects' thoughts and design visions contribute not only to the materialization of an idea but also to what a client has in mind or envisions. When architect Michael Gale designed a home in Lafayette, California, he wanted to ensure that the thin lines he drew on paper didn't become thick, clunky window frames in reality. As he explains, it was possible to install 11-foot sliding glass doors that pull away from the corner to provide expansive views while operating smoothly, combining elegance with strength. In the face of unpredictable weather conditions, high-performance windows and doors play a critical role in resilient residential design. By incorporating materials and technologies that reduce heat transfer and manage solar gain,Western Window Systemsoffers several product families designed to balance expansive glazing with structural strength and energy performance. Systems such as the Performance Line and Series 8000 use slim aluminum framing, advanced glazing options, and thermal breaks to support resilient residential design without compromising architectural expression. Solutions that understand architects' thoughts and design visions contribute not only to the materialization of an idea but also to what a client has in mind or envisions. When architect Michael Gale designed a home in Lafayette, California, he wanted to ensure that the thin lines he drew on paper didn't become thick, clunky window frames in reality. As he explains, it was possible to install 11-foot sliding glass doors that pull away from the corner to provide expansive views while operating smoothly, combining elegance with strength. Beyond material solutions, optimizing resilient residential design requires collaboration among architects, builders, interior designers, and many other professionals in the construction industry. From technical documentation and design studios to streamlined processes,Western Window Systemsplaces resilience at the center of its design priorities. In response to the wide range of challenges posed by natural environments, the development of building materials for fire-prone regions, energy-efficient aluminum windows, and tempered glass solutions contributes to creating safer and more climate-resilient futures. Beyond material solutions, optimizing resilient residential design requires collaboration among architects, builders, interior designers, and many other professionals in the construction industry. From technical documentation and design studios to streamlined processes,Western Window Systemsplaces resilience at the center of its design priorities. In response to the wide range of challenges posed by natural environments, the development of building materials for fire-prone regions, energy-efficient aluminum windows, and tempered glass solutions contributes to creating safer and more climate-resilient futures.

Craig Breslow, the Red Sox chief baseball officer, is having a lot of conversations about how his front office will pilot MLB’s Aug. 3 trade deadline. But it seems like those discussions are not reflecting their reality. The Red Sox (27-37) are last in the American League East, 11 ½ games behind the first-place Tampa Bay Rays, and 4 ½ games out of a Wild Card spot with six teams in front of them. They’re not a serious threat to win the World Series. They have several trade chips whose value may never be higher. Yet they’re still masquerading as potential playoff contenders. "It's been true industry-wide," Breslow said in New York over the weekend about how he would characterize trade talks. "There are a lot of teams that probably feel pretty similarly to us, which is to say that they have confidence in their rosters, they know they're not playing as well as they're capable of, and really nobody has put the postseason out of reach. So there are a bunch of teams that are in it right now that are thinking along the same lines as we are." Craig Breslow has some big decisions to make. (Photo by Barry Chin/The Boston Globe via Getty Images) The Red Sox are fooling themselves if they believe buying instead of selling is the best move for their immediate and future success. Their offense has hit the fewest home runs (49) in Major League Baseball. Boston’s .376 slugging percentage and 90 wRC+ are both ranked 26th in the majors. ESPN reported this week that the Red Sox are aggressively looking to add a right-handed bat, and that they’re even willing to take on money. (That's puzzling, considering they had an opportunity to spend more money on an impact bat in the offseason, but more on that later.) The larger point is that their offensive problems won't be solved by simply acquiring a power hitter at the deadline. The Red Sox don’t walk much (7.8%, ranked 27th in MLB), they don’t slug (.131 ISO, 29th in MLB), they hit a ton of weak ground balls (44.1% GB rate, 5th in MLB), and they’ve scored the second-fewest runs in baseball (250) behind only the Padres. First baseman Willson Contreras is supplying all the power in the lineup, and the Red Sox could use an extra slugger, to be sure. But that’s not going to help them play better on the margins. The lineup is poorly constructed. One way to overcome that is to change their approach at the plate, emphasize small-ball, steal bases, and execute sacrifice flies and bunts. But looking at the rest of the mediocre field, and understanding that 10 of 15 AL teams are playing sub-.500 baseball, is a trap. The danger of a weak playoff race is that the Red Sox are convincing themselves that they’re one hot streak away. "We need to run our own race," Breslow said when asked whether the weak state of the AL could drive the Red Sox to be buyers. "We need to make sure that we get our house in order. We need to play better. We need to win more games. At that point, we can figure out where we are relative to the league. But the first thing is we need to build on the progress that we've seen offensively over the last month. And then make sure that we're pitching consistently well. We need to win games for any of this to happen." The reality is, the Red Sox actually have a handful of compelling players they could be shopping in the weeks leading up to the deadline. Aroldis Chapman could be in store for some new scenery. (Photo by Kevin C. Cox/Getty Images) Closer Aroldis Chapman is, by far, Boston’s most attractive trade chip. At 38 years old, Chapman has a 0.46 ERA and 33.8% strikeout rate across 20 games (13 saves) and 19 ⅔ innings. Several teams are desperate for an elite closer with proven postseason experience, who’s also a rental on a one-year deal. Chapman could net the Red Sox a top-100 prospect or multiple upper-minors prospects. It’s a no-brainer to deal him. Veteran right-hander Sonny Gray is another logical candidate to dangle in front of contenders. He’s 7-1 with a 3.20 ERA in 11 starts and 56 ⅓ innings pitched. His fastball has looked elite this season, and he’s improved on his hard-hit rate, with 37% being his lowest since 2021. Contenders always want starters at the deadline, and Gray’s postseason experience and reliable innings make him an attractive asset. The Red Sox could get a near-MLB ready arm or mid-tier prospects for Gray. Sonny Gray could help a contender looking for a postseason push. (Photo by Michael Urakami/MLB Photos via Getty Images) Boston should also be entertaining blockbuster deals for outfielder Jarren Duran, who has started to heat up at the plate. After hitting .170 with a .481 OPS and one home run in 26 games in April, Duran hit .261 with a .879 OPS and nine home runs in 27 games in May. Rival executives might be weary of his attitude in the clubhouse after being involved in controversial off-field altercations and emotional reactions. But he’s still a fascinating player for his speed, defense and left-handed bat, with two more years of team control. Boston would likely need an overwhelming offer to move him. Right-handed reliever Garrett Whitlock and designated hitter Masataka Yoshida could also join those three players on the trade block. With so many valuable candidates, the Red Sox should be using the deadline to shore up prospects and MLB-ready players. They can accelerate their 2027 window, rather than chasing an 84-win season that might be good enough to sneak into the playoffs, because that’s how weak the AL is. But the team doesn’t show much promise beyond an early October exit. That being said, Red Sox fans are right to doubt whether Breslow can engineer the best returns for the attractive pieces he has, and how he’ll handle those hauls. Jarren Duran is another potential trade candidate. (Photo by Brian Fluharty/Getty Images) We’re approaching the one-year anniversary of Breslow’s infamous Rafael Devers trade, and it sure looks like the San Francisco Giants won the deal. Of course, the Giants gave up a lot of players and are paying Devers over $31 million per year. And even though Devers has not yet panned out the way the Giants had hoped, he posted a .949 OPS in May, he still owns a .847 career OPS, and they have plenty of time to figure it out together. The Red Sox, meanwhile, botched the Devers trade the minute they let third baseman Alex Bregman sign with the Cubs over this past offseason. Devers entered 2025 having played seven seasons at third base in Boston. But the Red Sox had just signed Bregman to play third base, and Breslow and company were not up front with Devers about switching positions. So they traded him to San Francisco. Entering 2026, Bregman wanted to stay in Boston. But the Red Sox were unwilling to sign him due to disagreements over Bregman's requests: a long-term contract with a no-trade clause and less deferred money. Then, the Red Sox traded away most of Devers’ return package, which consisted of four players. Since they were counting on Bregman to be their long-term solution at third base when they made the decision to trade Devers, and then Bregman signed with the Cubs, they were caught with their tail between their legs entering 2026 without a third baseman. So in February, they traded away one of the best return pieces from the Devers' haul — left-hander Kyle Harrison — to Milwaukee for Caleb Durbin, Andruw Monasterio, and Anthony Seigler. Durbin, who was brought in as their primary third baseman, has an OPS+ of 55. Monasterio is also playing at replacement level, with a 0.2 WAR in 35 games. Meanwhile, Harrison has turned into an elite pitcher for the Brewers. His 2.72 ERA is ranked 12th-best among NL starters who have pitched at least 50 innings this year. So Breslow’s track record to this point should be enough for Red Sox CEO Sam Kennedy to appoint a different front-office leader ahead of another important trade deadline. But according to a recent report from the Boston Globe, the Red Sox are not considering firing Breslow. In his third season, Breslow will continue to be the man in charge amid the team’s chaotic and disappointing year. The organization has regressed since qualifying for the postseason last year. On April 25, the Red Sox fired manager Alex Cora and six of his coaches. They were 10-17 at the time, and are 17-20 since interim manager Chad Tracy took over. The Red Sox have roughly seven weeks to find consistency in the win column, but it shouldn’t take that long to reach a decision. Sell.

AsShanghai Disney Resortmarks its 10th anniversary, there has never been a better time to experience this one-of-a-kind destination. This comprehensive guide brings together everything you need to plan the perfect visit to Shanghai Disneyland, Disneytown, Wishing Star Park, Shanghai Disneyland Hotel, and Toy Story Hotel. You’ll also find special experiences and offerings created just for the anniversary year. Mickey Avenue serves as the“opening scene” of Shanghai Disneyland,welcoming you into the cheerful hometown of Mickey Mouse and his pals. This whimsical alternative isonly the second of the six Disneyland‐style parksthat does not have Main Street, U.S.A. This vibrant neighborhood draws inspiration from early Disney animation and features familiar faces such as Mickey, Duffy and Friends, and beloved Disney pals. You’ll find lively music, colorful storefronts, unique boutiques, and inviting eateries line the street. Architecturally, Mickey Avenue is international in spirit, weaving together influences from Art Nouveau, Italian Renaissance, Mission Revival, Spanish Colonial, and Georgian styles, all anchored by a Midwestern American style reflective of Walt Disney’s hometown. Mickey & Pals Market Café–Step into this welcoming neighborhood food court featuring a variety of comforting favorites, from hearty stews to noodles and dumplings. CookieAnn Bakery Café–Indulge in a cheerful assortment of CookieAnn- and Minnie Mouse‑inspired sweets, featuring playful pastries, cookies, crepes, French toast and more. Il Paperino–Cool down with gelato and soft‑serve delights in a charming setting inspired by the one and only Donald Duck. Chip & Dale’s Treehouse Treats–Grab a quick bite or refreshing beverage from this cozy street‑corner stop tucked right into the neighborhood. Goofy and Friends–Say hello to Goofy and Pluto at Avenue M Arcade. Duffy and Friends–Find Duffy, ShellieMay, StellaLou, CookieAnn, Gelatoni, and ‘Olu Mel at various locations on Mickey Avenue. Mickey’s Storybook Adventure–Delighting audiences at Shanghai Disneyland, Mickey’s Storybook Adventure transforms a fantastical library into the gateway for Mickey and Goofy’s journey through storybook worlds of joy, featuring classic Disney songs and appearances by 23 beloved Disney characters. Shanghai Disneyland Band–Swing into the celebration as this lively ensemble fills Mickey Avenue with an upbeat, music‑filled welcome brimming with energy and fun. Avenue M Arcade–Stroll through the most popular business on Mickey Avenue and explore the largest shop in all of Shanghai Disneyland. Sweethearts Confectionery–Step inside Minnie Mouse’s charming childhood home and indulge in chocolates, cookies, and other sweet delights, while also browsing a selection of Duffy and Friends merchandise. Whistle Stop Shop–All aboard this welcoming train station shop, where souvenirs await and a surprise encounter with Mickey’s favorite travel companion, Duffy, may be just around the corner. Lucky Express–Climb aboard this caboose‑themed merchandise cart to find keepsakes starring Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, one of the very first residents of Mickey Avenue and an early creation of Walt Disney. CookieAnn Bakery Café (Shop)–Visit this cozy lifestyle café and shop, where CookieAnn‑ and Minnie‑themed treats pair perfectly with homeware, collectibles, and charming souvenirs. Enchanted Storybook Castlestands at the heart of Shanghai Disneyland as a breathtaking tribute to all Disney Princesses and Queens. Perched atop a rocky promontory that represents a foundation of timeless tradition, the castle’s graceful turrets stretch skyward toward wishes, hopes, and childhood dreams. As the largest and most immersive Disney castle ever created, it is far more than a visual icon; it is a destination in its own right. The castle rises with seven soaring towersprinciple of Shanghai Disneyland, “Authentically Disney, Distinctly Chinese.” Crowned with golden spires that blend Disney magic with auspicious Chinese elements, the towers are designed to point toward harmony, hope, and a prosperous future. Inside, stories unfold at every turn, from sailing beneath glittering caverns and meeting Disney royalty at Storybook Court to dining within an elegant fairytale hall. At the top of a grand staircase, step into the immersive walkthrough attraction “Once Upon a Time” Adventure, where the timeless tale of Disney Animation’sSnow White and the Seven Dwarfscomes to life. Voyage to the Crystal Grotto–Set sail into a shimmering cavern where beloved Disney stories unfold through a breathtaking blend of music, light, and wonder. “Once Upon a Time” Adventure–Step through the Magic Mirror and into Snow White’s enchanted fairytale world, where classic scenes come to life. Royal Banquet Hall–Located inside the castle, Royal Banquet Hall features a fairytale setting where families and friends can enjoy a feast alongside beloved Disney characters for a truly unforgettable dining experience. Disney Royalty–Step into Storybook Court with a regal surprise from beloved Disney Princesses such as Cinderella, Rapunzel, Belle, and Snow White appear throughout the day. ILLUMINATE! A Nighttime Celebration–As night falls, the castle transforms into a breathtaking spectacle where projection mapping, fountains, lasers, flames, and music combine to bring Mickey and his Disney friends together in a radiant celebration of friendship and magic beneath the stars. And just for the 10thanniversary, the celebration becomes bigger and brighter with Mickey and his Disney friends illuminating the night on Enchanted Storybook Castle. The Heart of the Magic–Join Mickey and his beloved friends on a spellbinding journey during this all-new daytime castle show through nine timeless Disney stories, featuring stunning sets, beloved melodies, and the resort debut of brand-new characters. Castle Encounters Boutique–Journey into this elegant shop where modern design meets royal inspiration where a curated selection of Disney Princess and Queen-themed merchandise awaits. Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique–Within the grand halls of Enchanted Storybook Castle, Fairy Godmother’s Apprentices use a touch of magic to help aspiring Princesses and Knights create memories that will last a lifetime. Gardens of Imagination is the vibrant heart unique to Shanghai Disneyland, where lush gardens, iconic attractions, and Disney storytelling come together in a setting that is both authentically Disney and distinctly Chinese. Designed as the park’s “central park,” this beautifully landscaped retreat allows you to slow down and explore winding pathways before venturing into the lands beyond. Serving as a crossroads to the rest of the park, Gardens of Imagination blends playful experiences, classic Disney characters, and serene natural beauty by day, and by transforming into a dreamlike space glowing with music, lights, and inspiration at night. Dumbo the Flying Elephant–Take to the skies with Dumbo in this colorful circus‑inspired attraction, where festive details, lively music, and Timothy Q. Mouse set the stage for a high‑flying journey. A classic across Disney parks around the world, however this is the first time Dumbo soars outside Fantasyland. Fantasia Carousel–Spin through the magic of Disney’sFantasiaaboard Pegasus‑inspired steeds as classical music, sculpted gardens, and mythological scenery swirl together, marking the only classic Disney carousel inspired by the filmFantasia. Garden of Twelve Friends –A vibrant featuring mosaic vignettes that depict characters representing the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac. Timothy’s Treats–Step right up to this circus‑themed snack stop for classic hot dogs and quick bites. Picnic Basket–Relax in this floral oasis offering small bites, soft serve ice cream and refreshing drinks. Marvel Universe–Venture into an action-packed adventure and cross paths with some of your favorite Super Heroes. Mickey Mouse–Visit an enchanted gallery exhibit before meeting the world‑famous Mickey. Mickey’s Storybook Express–All aboard this train‑themed parade led by Mickey, featuring music, fantasy, and special 10th‑anniversary additions including Duffy and Friends’ pre-parade on a beautiful ship and a vibrantZootopia-themed float. Disney Color-Fest: A Street Party! –Celebrate spring with a high‑energy street party bursting with color, music, and rotating float panels that reveal Mickey, Minnie, and Donald in pop‑art‑inspired looks. Tai Chi with Character–Join Donald and Chip ’n’ Dale in Melody Garden for a playful and interactive tai chi experience paired with traditional music and costumes. Casey Jr. Trinket Train–Browse a spectacular showcase of souvenirs, including accessories, plush, and whimsical keepsakes. Marvel Mementos–Discover merchandise celebrating iconic Super Heroes, with toys, apparel, and accessories fit for all. Scuttle’s Shiny Things–Dive “under the sea” at this charming cart inspired by Ariel’s feathered friend, offering playful souvenirs to make part of your world. Fantasyland at Shanghai Disneyland is inspired by classic European fairytale settings and beloved Disney animated films, unfolding across three distinct storybook neighborhoods: castle, village, and forest. From soaring with Peter Pan and racing through the Seven Dwarfs’ diamond mine to wandering whimsical forests, meeting beloved characters, and enjoying live performances, Fantasyland offers a richly immersive experience where stories are not just told, but lived. With charming dining spots, magical details around every corner, and engaging experiences, Fantasyland feels timeless with storytelling at the very center of the experience. Peter Pan’s Flight–Soar past London’s rooftops and off to the second star to the right as Peter Pan, Tinker Bell, and the Never Land gang whisk you through enchanted skies. Seven Dwarfs Mine Train–Race through the sparkling diamond mine on this family‑friendly coaster, where swinging cars glide past Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, bringing classic scenes to life. The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh–Drift into the Hundred Acre Wood on a journey alongside Pooh and friends, encountering Eeyore, Piglet, Tigger, Kanga, Roo, and more. Hunny Pot Spin–Hop into oversized honey pots and spin your way through a playful romp with Winnie the Pooh and pals and control the twirl while helping a certain silly old bear search for his favorite sweet treat. Alice in Wonderland Maze–Wander through a whimsical maze inspired by Tim Burton’sAlice in Wonderland, where towering hedges, oversized blooms, and hidden surprises lead you toward a delightfully mad tea party. Enter through one of three doors and follow a unique path into this dreamlike landscape, where the Mad Hatter, the Cheshire Cat, and Alice herself await beyond curious turns. Tangled Tree Tavern–Inspired by the Snuggly Duckling from Disney Animation’sTangled, this lively woodland tavern offers the chance to dine amid rustic details and storybook charm. Fairy Godmother’s Cupboard–With a touch of magic from Cinderella’s Fairy Godmother, this cozy stop serves up snacks perfect for a quick treat. Pinocchio Village Kitchen–Step into Pinocchio’s storybook world at this family‑style restaurant, where playful murals and hearty offerings like pizza, rice dishes, and noodles set the scene. Fantasyland Mickey Mouse Hand Bun–This outdoor cart offers Mickey‑shaped steamed buns alongside Disney‑themed ice cream for a whimsical bite on the go. Pooh and Friends Treats–Tucked along a forest path near Enchanted Storybook Castle, this charming stop features Winnie‑the‑Pooh‑inspired desserts. Troubadour Treats–Swing by for refreshing snacks and ice cream in the heart of Fantasyland. Winnie the Pooh and Friends–Visit the Hundred Acre Wood to meet Pooh, Piglet, Tigger, and their lovable pals. Minnie Mouse & Friends–Stop by to say hello to Minnie and capture a magical photo moment. Donald Duck & Friends–Meet Donald and his friends for cheerful greetings and memorable snapshots. Frozen: A Sing-Along Celebration–Travel to Arendelle inside the Evergreen Playhouse and join Anna, Elsa, Kristoff, and Olaf in an interactive performance filled with beloved songs from Disney Animation’sFrozenandFrozen 2. A Special Celebration in the Hundred Acre Wood–Join Winnie the Pooh and friends as they gather for a joyful celebration. Fantasy Storytelling–Experience classic Disney tales brought to life through dance and music with Disney friends. Fantasy Festival–A troupe of storytellers share beloved Disney stories with humor, songs, and puppetry in this charming live performance. Traveling Troubadours–Enjoy a delightful blend of traditional Chinese and Western instruments as this musical troupe fills Fantasyland with familiar Disney melodies. Fantasy Faire–Mark your visit with keepsake souvenirs inspired by classic Disney tales. Be Our Guest Boutique–Add a magical finishing touch to your look with character‑inspired accessories, jewelry, and headwear. Mickey & Minnie’s Mercantile–Step inside a shop inspired by the Disney Animation shortThe Brave Little Tailor, offering Disney Princess costumes, apparel, plush, and more. Hundred Acre Goods–Discover a whimsical mix of Pooh, Bambi, and woodland‑themed plush, stationery, and apparel. Cottage Curios–Browse a quaint Fantasyland cart filled with enchanting keepsakes, includingFrozen‑themed accessories and toys. Mountainside Treasures–Located near Seven Dwarfs Mine Train, this rustic shop overflows with forest‑inspired headwear, toys, and mementos from the world of Disney Animation’sSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Zootopia at Shanghai Disneyland brings the beloved Walt Disney Animation Studios film to life in an unprecedented way through a living metropolis where every district has its own personality and story to tell. As the first and onlyZootopia‑themed land at any Disney park, this groundbreaking area places you directly into the bustling city streets alongside Judy Hopps, Nick Wilde, and a vibrant community of Zootizens, blurring the line between film and real world. From its state‑of‑the‑art dark ride and kinetic street‑level storytelling to character encounters, themed dining, and fashion‑forward shopping inspired by the city’s residents,Zootopia delivers a high‑energy, detail‑rich experiencethat celebrates diversity, humor, and the idea that anyone can be anything. Zootopia: Hot Pursuit–Jump into a high‑speed chase with Officers Judy Hopps and Nick Wilde, racing through icy Tundratown, bustling Sahara Square, and the lush Rainforest District in pursuit of Bellwether. Jumbeaux’s Café– Experience this whimsical dessert shop run by an elephant with playful treats, including Jumbo‑Pop‑style sweets, Clawhauser’s favorite oversized donut and themed beverage souvenirs. Zootopia Market–Wander over to this lively family market serving up fun snacks like cotton candy, popcorn, Pawpsicles, and Slothful Slurps. Judy Hopps and Nick Wilde–Stop by the Zootopia Police Department Recruitment Center to meet the city’s favorite officer duo. Disney Zootopia Comes Alive–Throughout the day, windows and storefronts spring to life with encounters as Zootizens chat, pose for selfies, and go about their daily routines. Fashions by Fru Fru–Browse this boutique owned by the city’s trendsetting fashionista, where character costumes, accessories, and interactive merchandise let you dress like a true Zootizen. Adventure Isle is one of the most immersive and story‑driven lands at Shanghai Disneyland, created as a fully original world rooted in myth, nature, and exploration. Set in a mist‑shrouded island during the 1930s Golden Age of Exploration, this lush “lost world” invites you to step into the role of intrepid adventurers uncovering ancient civilizations, powerful natural wonders, and long‑hidden secrets. Dominated by the towering Mount Apu Taku with its thundering waterfalls, dense jungle landscapes, and roaring rivers, Adventure Isle blends breathtaking scenery with interactive attractions, character encounters, live music, dining, and shopping. Soaring Over the Horizon–Lift off on a breathtaking aerial journey over the world’s most spectacular landscapes. Roaring Rapids–Brave a thrilling white‑water expedition as you plunge through shadowy caverns, swirling rapids, and untamed waterways beneath Roaring Mountain, where legends of a mysterious beast and ancient relics turn this rafting adventure into a heart‑pounding quest. Challenge Trails at Camp Discovery–Test your courage on three elevated rope courses that wind across Roaring Mountain, carrying adventurers over river gorges, waterfalls, cliffs, and into dramatic caverns. Junior Explorers Camp–Designed for young adventurers, this outdoor training camp features hands‑on play areas inspired by diverse natural environments and beloved Pixar Animation Studios and Disney stories, with rope courses, climbing towers, slides, and challenges. Vista Trail at Camp Discovery–This gentle, landscaped pathway allows those of all ages to experience the sights of Camp Discovery from ground level, offering scenic views and photo opportunities throughout the journey. Duffy and Friends Celebration Hall–Inspired by Duffy and Friends’ outdoor adventures, this warm and welcoming dining location celebrates fresh flavors and shared meals. Chipmunk Snacks–Refuel between adventures with savory wraps, refreshing beverages, and frozen treats at this quick‑service stop. LinaBell–Meet Duffy’s inquisitive fox friend at Friendship Point, ready to say hi with her trademark curiosity. Chip ’n’ Dale–Join the mischievous duo at Chip & Dale’s Trading Post for playful moments and photo fun. Disney Jungle Characters–Discover familiar friends inspired by stories such as Disney Animation’sThe Jungle BookandThe Lion King. UpCharacters–Meet beloved characters from Disney and Pixar’sUpamid the lush, adventure‑filled surroundings. The Disney Explorer Band–Four adventurous musicians bring lively music, blending rhythm, exploration, and storytelling into a spirited celebration. Duffy and Friends Celebration Hall (Shop)–Continue the adventure with heartfelt merchandise inspired by friendship, exploration, and nature. Rainbow Frog Trinkets–Stop by this colorful kiosk to browse souvenirs, curios, and handcrafted treasures. Chip & Dale’s Trading Post–Stock up on playful apparel, plush, toys, and accessories collected by Chip ‘n’ Dale during their quest for the legendary giant acorn or try your luck at the interactive Lob‑A‑Log game. Treasure Cove is a land at Shanghai Disneyland, plunging you into a swashbuckling pirate stronghold inspired by the Pirates of the Caribbean classic 1967 attraction in Disneyland park at Disneyland Resort. Created exclusively for Shanghai Disneyland, this original land places visitors in a lawless port town controlled by legendary pirates, including Captain Jack Sparrow, Hector Barbossa, and Joshamee Gibb. Spread across five richly detailed neighborhoods, Treasure Cove blends epic attractions, live stunt shows, roaming pirates, themed dining, and treasure‑filled shops into a living pirate society. Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure–Set sail with Captain Jack Sparrow on a thrilling adventure that takes you above, below, and through the deep blue in search of Davy Jones’ legendary plunder, encountering pirates, mermaids, and thrilling surprises along the way. Explorer Canoes–Grab a paddle and embark on a guided canoe journey around Treasure Cove and Adventure Isle, passing shipwrecks, jungle outposts, and hidden caves as you explore rugged coastal scenery under the watchful eye of your pirate guide. Shipwreck Shore–Let young adventurers explore and play inside the remains of a pirate galleon, with interactive water features and hands‑on activities. Siren’s Revenge–Climb aboard an authentic pirate ship for immersive exploration and rowdy fun, where hands‑on activities and surprise stunt performances transform the deck into a stage for swashbuckling spectacle. Barbossa’s Bounty–Savor grilled and barbecue specialties while watching the open kitchen at work, with views of boats drifting past into Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure. Captain’s Kettle–Drop anchor for classic park favorites like a turkey leg or grilled corn. Tortuga Treats–Dock here for the popular turkey wing, offered in limited quantities each day. The Snackin’ Kraken–Tempt your taste buds with takoyaki topped with grilled squid at this specialty snack stop inspired by the legendary Beihai Kraken. Pintel & Ragetti’s Grub to Grab–Pick up specialty drinks and grab‑and‑go treats perfect for enjoying as you roam the cove. Captain Jack Sparrow– Keep a weather eye out for the legendary Captain Jack Sparrow himself, ready with tales and antics along the bustling port. Eye of the Storm: Captain Jack’s Stunt Spectacular–Watch Captain Jack Sparrow take center stage in this action‑packed show filled with daring stunts, clever humor, and a swashbuckling finale worthy of the high seas. A Pirate’s Life for You!–Test your wits, courage, and strength as you step into the role of a pirate’s First Mate in this interactive experience. Pirates Roaming–Throughout Treasure Cove, pirates roam freely, bringing the port to life with mischief, humor, and unpredictable encounters that add personality around every corner. Swabbie Fight–Peek into the world of sailors at Landlubber’s Landing. Voodoo Alley Fight–Near Doubloon Market, tensions flare as clashing swords and sudden confrontations in this surprising and theatrical street vignette. Doubloon Market–Venture inside Fort Snobbish to uncover a treasure trove of pirate gear, from costumes and headwear to keepsakes and plunder fit for any aspiring buccaneer. Jolly Gypsy–Stop by this brightly painted kiosk run by the mysterious Marko, where colorful pin collections await both seasoned scallywags and curious shore‑goers alike. Disney•PixarToy Story Land at Shanghai Disneylandshrinks the world down to toy‑size, allowing guests to step straight into Andy’s playful backyard alongside Woody, Buzz Lightyear, and the rest of the gang from Pixar’sToy Storyfilms. Designed with oversized building blocks, bold colors, and familiar inspired by larger‑than-life attractions. Filled with whimsical rides, interactive entertainment, character encounters, themed dining, and a bustling toy store,Disney•PixarToy Story Land delivers an experience celebrating the simple magic of play from the moment you arrive. Rex’s Racer–Join Rex and Trixie as you race back and forth on this towering ride, delivering big thrills and even bigger laughs. Woody’s Roundup–Saddle up and hop into a cart for a toe‑tapping spin, where swinging and barnyard fun turn this hoedown into a rootin’‑tootin’ good time. Slinky Dog Spin–Climb onto Slinky Dog and swirl around a giant dog bowl as he happily chases his tail. Lotso Lunch Box–Dine picnic‑style at this playful food spot inspired by a toy box, serving up themed treats and desserts. Favorite Toys –Mosey over to the Meeting Post for surprise encounters with favoriteToy Storypals. Toy Soldiers Bucket O’ Fun– Join the Toy Soldiers for a lively, interactive boot camp where those of all ages are invited to jump in, follow commands, and tackle playful challenges in this energetic street performance. Al’s Toy Barn– Step into a larger‑than‑life version of Al’s Toy Barn to browse toys, apparel, plush, pins, and souvenirs. Tomorrowland at Shanghai Disneyland is where innovation, imagination, and optimism for the future come together. While the original Tomorrowland at Disneyland in Anaheim was inspired by visions of the future, this one set is within one of the world’s most futuristic cities and represents that vision come to life. Through dynamic architecture, cutting‑edge attractions, and immersive entertainment, Tomorrowland allows those of all ages to feel like active participants in building a brighter future. Buzz Lightyear Planet Rescue–Team up with Buzz Lightyear on an interactive mission to stop Emperor Zurg, blasting through his secret lair to defeat a crystal‑powered super weapon and save Planet Pepperonia. TRON Lightcycle Power Run–Race across the Grid on a high‑speed Lightcycle as you lean forward, twist through glowing curves, and compete to capture energy gates in this thrilling, futuristic coaster experience. Pixar Adventurous Journey–Wander through this immersive exhibition featuring seven themed spaces that bring beloved Pixar Animation Studios stories to life. Jet Packs–Strap in and take flight on this retro‑futuristic spinning attraction, where rocket‑powered backpacks lift riders high above Tomorrowland for a sweeping, airborne adventure controlled by hand‑held jets. Stargazer Grill–Refuel at this reimagined dining location inspired by Pixar favorites such asMonsters, Inc.andInside Out. Star Trail Snacks–Stop by this futuristic snack stand for Stitch‑themed treats and refreshing bites. Avengers–Watch for heroic sightings as Super Heroes patrol Tomorrowland in the high-tech Avengers Deployment Vehicle. Lilo, Stich, and Angel–Get ready for encounters with Stitch, Lilo, or Angel as they make surprise appearances throughout the land. Pixar Characters–Meet favorite Pixar pals, including characters fromMonsters, Inc.,Inside Out,The Incredibles, andTurning Red. Avengers Training Initiative–Join an interactive recruitment experience and train alongside heroes to see if you have what it takes to become the next generation of agents. The JAMMitors–Enjoy bursts of rhythmic fun as these high‑energy performers turn everyday items into an upbeat percussion show. Club Destin-E–Jump into a high‑tech, high‑energy stage party filled with music and futuristic flair. Space Chat with Stitch–Visit the Galactic Federation Tracking Station for an interactive conversation with the mischievous blue alien himself. Power Supplies–Gear up with glowing souvenirs, apparel, and accessories inspired by the neon‑lit world. Intergalactic Imports–Browse galaxy‑spanning finds including toys, headwear, and apparel featuring characters like Buzz Lightyear or Stitch. The Light Stuff–Brighten your day with illuminated toys and glowing accessories at this vibrant kiosk near Tomorrowland Stage. Tomorrowland Pavilion Shop–Explore a colorful collection of Pixar‑themed merchandise celebrating creativity, adventure, and storytelling. Disneytown is the vibrant shopping, dining, and entertainment districtlocated just steps from the gates of Shanghai Disneyland, offering a relaxing yet lively extension of the experience without requiring park admission. Designed as a charming pedestrian village with the energy of an international crossroads, Disneytown encourages you to slow down and discover world‑class restaurants, unique retail, live performances, and seasonal entertainment around every corner. Anchored by waterfront scenery at Wishing Star Lake, iconic landmarks like the Giant Donald Duck, and flagship destinations such as the World of Disney Store and Walt Disney Grand Theatre, Disneytown blends everyday leisure with unmistakable Disney charm, making it a must‑visit destination both during and beyond a day at the park. Donald’s Dine ‘n Delights–The first Disney‑themed restaurant at Disneytown features a playful setting inspired by Donald and his friends, where lively storytelling and flavorful dishes come together. Giant Donald Duck–Strike a pose with the 36-foot‑tall floating Donald at Wishing Star Lake, dressed in his classic sailor outfit. Mickey’s Playground–Let little ones climb, slide, and explore in this outdoor play area inspired by Mickey. Mickey Spray –Enjoy animated street performances that bring bursts of Disney magic to Disneytown during weekends and seasonal holidays. Wishing Star Park–Unwind along the shimmering waterfront of Wishing Star Lake, where peaceful scenery, open green spaces, and family‑friendly areas like Dragonfly Playground create a relaxing escape. Street Performances –Catch spontaneous shows and lively entertainment that bring creativity and energy to the streets. + MORE World of Disney Store– Explore the ultimate Disney shopping destination housed in a reimagined vintage railroad roundhouse, featuring an expansive selection of apparel, toys, stationery, gifts, collectibles, and exclusive items created just for Shanghai Disney Resort. Disney Home– Relax and browse at this lifestyle‑inspired shop showcasing Disney‑themed home goods and be sure to visit the Giant Duffy plush on the second floor for an extra‑heartwarming moment. + MORE Shanghai Disneyland Hotelis the flagship hotel of Shanghai Disney Resort, offering an elegant blend of storytelling and immersion just steps from the park gates. Nestled along the scenic banks of Wishing Star Lake, this Art Nouveau–inspired resort features iconic Disney characters from timeless shorts and features, from Mickey and his friends to beloved animated classics. With beautifully themed rooms, many featuring sweeping views of Shanghai Disneyland, alongside refined dining, character experiences, leisure pools, gardens, and family‑friendly recreation. Shanghai Disneyland Hotel stands alongside four iconic counterparts in California, Paris, Tokyo, and Hong Kong, each offerings its own distinct charm and style. Aurora–Located on the eighth floor of Shanghai Disneyland Hotel, Aurora offers refined dining with sweeping panoramic views of the Enchanted Storybook Castle and the opportunity to savor exquisite cuisine. Lumière’s Kitchen–Delight in a buffet experience featuring a wide selection of appetizers, salads, international entrées, and imaginative desserts, all served alongside opportunities to meet favorite Disney friends. Bacchus Lounge–Unwind in this elegant lounge inspired by myth and legend, with cocktails, fine wines, special lunch sets, or high tea offerings. Ballet Café–Enjoy quick‑service bites and grab‑and‑go options in a whimsical setting inspired byDance of the Hoursfrom Disney Animation’sFantasia Tinker Bell Gifts–Add a sprinkle of pixie dust to your stay with a visit to this charming shop, offering a delightful assortment of Disney Princess, Mickey and Friends, Duffy and Friends, and other themed collectibles, souvenirs, toys, and apparel. Hakuna Matata Oasis–Exclusive to hotel guests, thisThe Lion King‑inspired outdoor area features a savanna‑theme water play zone and hedge maze, creating a carefree retreat filled with adventure and “no worries.” King Triton Oasis–Dive into relaxation at this indoor swimming pool themed beneath the sea, perfect for unwinding between park visits. Mickey Mouse Playhouse–During select hours, families can enjoy creative playtime at Mickey Mouse Playhouse, a welcoming indoor space filled with toys, games, puzzles, arts and crafts, and more. Toy Story Hotel at Shanghai Disney Resortoffers families a fun‑filled way to stay immersed in the playful world of Pixar’sToy Story, just minutes from Shanghai Disneyland and Disneytown. As the first Disney hotel designed entirely around a single film franchise, this colorful resort transforms guests into honorary toys, with oversized details, character courtyards, and theming inspired by Woody, Buzz Lightyear, and friends. With themed dining, family‑focused amenities, interactive play areas, and convenient access to the parks, Toy Story Hotel extends the magic from morning to night in an immersive setting. Sunnyside Café–Feeling infinity‑and‑beyond hungry? Gather with Woody and the toys for quick, satisfying bites ranging from dim sum and noodles to hot grilled favorites. Sunnyside Market–Perfect for snacking on the go, this cheerful stop offers a tempting assortment of cakes, chocolates, sweets, and savory treats. Lotso Shop–This colorful shop featuresToy Story‑themed apparel, toys, souvenirs, and everyday essentials. Launch Pad–Exclusive to hotel guests, this interactive water play area in Woody Courtyard invites kids to cool off as the Aliens prepare a tiny rocket for launch. Play Room–Step into a whimsical indoor play area where younger visitors can enjoy imaginative fun surrounded by playful sights and activities. With a landmark milestone comes the opportunity to build on the incredible momentum Shanghai Disney Resort has established over the past decade, and the future promises even more ambitious growth. Shanghai Disney Resortwill be adding a ninth land inspired by Spider-Manas part of the third major expansion for the park. The new expansion project was first announced inAugust 2024 at D23: The Ultimate Disney Fan Eventand will be located adjacent to Zootopia. The brand-new land will include the park’s first major Super Hero-themed attraction, a high-energy thrill coaster featuring Spider-Man, as well as Spider-Man and friends-themed shopping, food and beverage, and entertainment experiences that extend the story and invite you into the Web-Slinger’s world. Building on this expansion, the resort’s future vision reaches beyond the park itself.Plans also include two new hotels— one located just steps from the park entrance — as well as an expanded shopping, dining, and entertainment district. With so much on the horizon, Shanghai Disney Resort continues to look boldly toward the future and write the next exciting chapter. READ MORE READ MORE READ MORE

The European Commission is eyeing a massive expansion of its emissions trading system to cover all departing flights, a move that could reshape airline economics and carbon markets alike. Share The European Union is preparing to do something it tried once before, and got its hand slapped for. The European Commission plans to extend its Emissions Trading System to cover flights departing EU airports for international destinations, not just the intra-European routes currently subject to carbon pricing. Right now, the EU ETS only applies to flights within the European Economic Area. Think Paris to Berlin, not Paris to New York. The proposed expansion would capture emissions from all outgoing flights, which account for a significant majority of aviation emissions tied to EU airports. A formal assessment is scheduled for July 2026, at which point the Commission will evaluate whether CORSIA, the International Civil Aviation Organization’s carbon offsetting scheme, is doing enough to justify keeping international flights outside the EU’s pricing regime. Legislative proposals could follow, with expanded coverage potentially taking effect by 2027. The EU has already been tightening the screws on aviation emissions through its Fit for 55 climate package. Free carbon allowances for airlines have been shrinking: a 25% reduction in 2024, 50% in 2025, with full auctioning expected by 2026. The scale of what’s at stake is significant. Flights from European airports emitted approximately 195 million tons of CO2 in 2025, surpassing pre-pandemic levels from 2019. The ETS expansion could bring an additional roughly 107 million tons of CO2 annually under the pricing umbrella, generating substantial revenue at current allowance prices ranging between 70 and 100 euros per tonne. In 2012, the Commission attempted to include all international flights in the ETS. The response was swift and hostile. China threatened to block Airbus orders. The US passed legislation prohibiting its airlines from complying. India and Russia joined the opposition chorus. The international flight provisions were suspended, and the ETS was scaled back to cover only intra-EEA routes. The current proposal would likely exempt incoming flights while capturing emissions from all departing ones. Airline executives are already signaling their displeasure, with the core concern being that carbon pricing increases operational costs, which get passed to passengers through higher ticket prices. Environmental advocates, including organizations like Transport & Environment, argue that comprehensive emissions pricing is not just appropriate but overdue, and call for a full expansion of the ETS to all departing flights by 2027 to align with the polluter-pays principle. The revenue stream it creates is essential for financing the transition to sustainable aviation fuels and other clean energy technologies. For EU-based airlines, full auctioning of allowances by 2026 means emissions become a direct line-item cost. If the ETS then expands to cover international departures, the cost base grows further. Higher ticket prices could dampen leisure travel, which tends to be more price-sensitive than business travel. Cargo shipping rates could also be affected. For carbon market participants, adding roughly 107 million tons of annual emissions to the ETS pool means significantly more demand for carbon allowances. If supply doesn’t expand proportionally, allowance prices could push toward the upper end of the 70-100 euro per tonne range or beyond. The geopolitical risk remains the outstanding variable from 2012: unilateral climate measures affecting international aviation invited retaliation from China, the US, India, and Russia. The EU is betting that CORSIA’s limitations are now more widely acknowledged and that the pushback will be more manageable this time.

Jefe de sección Actualizado el 09/06/2026 21:23 CEST El Barça perdió en su ‘destierro’ de Blanes (1-2) Y puso fin a una temporada decepcionante con su eliminación en semifinales de la OK Liga. Será el Igualada Rigat el que jugará a partir del viernes la final ante el Liceo. Gane o pierda, firmará su mejor clasificación desde 2004 y cerrará una campaña de éxito absoluto. Todo lo contrario para el Barça, que ha firmado una campaña muy por debajo de lo esperado. El campeón de 11 de las 12 últimas Ligas, entre ellas las tres últimas, se va de vacaciones con un título menor, la Supercopa, sin pisar la final de la Liga ni la Copa del Rey, y con la derrota en la final de la Champions ante el Porto como único éxito relativo. Muy poco para un equipo que el año pasado despidió a su anterior técnico, David Càceres, tras ganar la Liga. El quinto partido de la semifinal se alejó del Palau Blaugrana por la coincidencia con el playoff de la Liga de basket y el Barça dio la impresión de jugar como visitante ante una colonia más numerosa y ruidosa de seguidores del Igualada. Pero culpar al ambiente por la eliminación blaugrana sería faltar a la realidad. El Barça no estará en la final porque dejó escapar un partido en el Palau, no remató la serie después de lograr una victoria en el terer partido en Les Comes, y porque a lo largo de la serie no encontró soluciones ofensivas más allá de la bola parada ante la roca que es este Igualada, posiblemente la mejor defensa de la Liga y el resultado de un excelente trabajo en la pista y en los despachos de un club modesto pero lleno de orgullo. En el Barça toca reflexión y seguramente cambios importantes en una plantilla que ayer dijo adiós a Sergi Fernández y a Pablo Álvarez, el máximo goleador histórico de la Liga, que hubiera preferido una despedida mejor del hockey patines. De poco le sirvió al Barça salir con intensidad máxima en una primera parte de ritmo asfixiante. Llegó más que el Igualada, pero falló siempre sus mejores ocasiones ante el meta Arnau Martínez, uno de los grandes protagonistas de esta serie. Y el Igualada, con menos presencia en el área rival, también tuvo sus opciones y supo esperar hasta que a un minuto del descanso Cañadillas remató a gol tras una incursión por la derecha del área que sorprendió a Sergi Fernández, hasta entonces perfecto. El Barça tampoco acertó al inicio de la segunda mitad con la falta directa por la 10ª falta del Igualada. Alabart se enredó con la bola ante Marquès, el meta suplente que salió para detener el lanzamiento. Con aún más pressing defensivo, los jugadores de Ricard Ares consiguieron reducir las posesiones del Igualada, pero llegó otro error fatal: tarjeta azul a Ferran Font, y en la consiguiente inferioridad numérica, Llanes marcó el 0-2 con un zambombazo. Barça: Sergi Fernández, Barroso, Font, Alabart (1), Marc Grau -inicial-, Eloi Cervera, Llorca, Aragonès y Pablo Álvarez​Igualada Rigat: Arnau Martínez, Carol, Ruano, Pascual, Marc González -inicial-, Llanes (1), Cardil, Cañadillas (1), Bars y Marquès (p.s.)​Goles: 0-1 Cañadillas 24'; 0-2 Llanes 42'; 1-2 Alabart (f.d.) 47'​Árbitros: Miguel Días e Iván González. Tareta azul a Ferran Font (2). Faltas: Barça 13, Igualada 15​Incidencias: 1.500 espectadores en la Ciutat Esportiva de Blanes, com amplia presencia de aficionados del Igualada Las prisas se adueñaron del Barça, que al menos rompió el muro con una falta directa de Alabart a tres minutos del final para el 1-2. Y hasta allí llegó el Barça. Será el Igualada el que luche por su sexta Liga ante el Liceo, 29 años después de la última.

Anthropic released its latest model Tuesday afternoon, heralding the public’s first access to the AI company’s most powerful class of AI systems. Subscribe to read this story ad-free Get unlimited access to ad-free articles and exclusive content. The company says the model, termed Fable 5, is the first publicly available product in the same family as Anthropic’s powerful Mythos models, which sentshock waves through the cybersecurity worldearlier this year for their superhuman ability to find and exploit cyber vulnerabilities. “Fable’s capabilities exceed those of any model we’ve ever made generally available,” the company said in a blog post announcing the model’s release. “It is state-of-the-art on nearly all tested benchmarks of AI capability, showing exceptional performance in software engineering, knowledge work, vision, scientific research, and many other areas.” According to the company, Fable 5 uses the same tier of technology as Mythos but is safe for use by the public because of safeguards and limits placed on the technology. Anthropic’s Mythos Preview model, which lacks similar safeguards, was able to find thousands of critical and severe cyber vulnerabilities, including bugs and exploits in all major operating systems and web browsers. Many AI researchers worry that increasingly powerful AI systems could help bad actors carry out cyberattacks on banks, power grids or other critical infrastructure. Others hypothesize that increasingly intelligent AI systems could help terrorists design and deploy bioweapons. “The same queries that are beneficial in the hands of cybersecurity professionals and biology researchers could be dangerous if available to malicious actors,” the company wrote in its blog. To address these potential threats, Anthropic has said Fable 5 is being deployed with guardrails that block many of its responses to queries regarding potentially dangerous topics. For those user prompts, Anthropic will steer answers to an earlier, less powerful model called Opus 4.8 — which was the highest-performing publicly available model until Tuesday. “Fable 5’s capabilities in areas like cybersecurity, biology and chemistry are advanced enough that we’re taking a deliberately conservative approach for these topics at launch,” Anthropic wrote in reply to a question from NBC News. “To enable general availability of other Mythos level capabilities, we’ve decided to deploy safeguards that err on the side of caution, applying broad restrictions to these topics for now.” Anthropic said the two-pronged approach, diverting sensitive questions from Fable 5 to the older Opus 4.8, would allow users to still obtain helpful answers to questions when Fable 5’s capabilities could prove too dangerous. Anthropic said it will make Fable 5 available to all users on its Pro, Max, Team and seat-based Enterprise plans at no additional cost until June 22. After that, users will be able to access the model only by buying and using extra computing credits. Anthropic said it aimed to incorporate Fable 5 into usual subscription plans “as quickly as we can.” Anthropic has recently struggled to keep up with soaring demand for its AI systems, and Fable 5 is likely to add additional stress to its limited computational resources. Anthropic also announced that the trusted partners who had previously been able to access Mythos Preview will now be able to access an upgraded Mythos model, called Mythos 5. The company hadmade Mythos Preview available to over 150 organizationsaround the world to help financial institutions, software companies and healthcare networks shore up weaknesses in their cyber defenses prior to a wider public release of a Mythos-class model. Anthropic said Mythos 5’s capabilities shattered existing performance records across a range of other domains, including drug design and molecular biology. Anthropic said Mythos 5 is the company’s “first model to consistently produce novel, compelling scientific hypotheses.” President Donald Trump signed an executive orderlast week that aims to establish a voluntary mechanism for AI companies to share their systems with the government for safety testing before they are publicly released and to shore up the government’s own cyberdefenses. Anthropic signaled that the government tested Fable 5 ahead of its release, telling NBC News that it has offered the government early access to all its models for years.

This 2016 ATC Quest 24’ enclosed trailer was purchased new by the seller’s company to haul accessories to various automotive events. The trailer is constructed of aluminum sheet metal over a rectangular-tube frame and is finished in black with polished accents and manufacturer decals. It features LED lighting, a manually operated tongue jack, a right-side access door, a diamond-plate lower nose panel, and six-spoke 15″ wheels. Inside, upper and lower metal equipment cabinets are accompanied by a television, tie-down rails, recessed floor-mounted anchor tracks, and electrical outlets. This ATC trailer is now offered at no reserve by the seller on behalf of the owner with an awning and a clean Michigan title in the name of the owner’s company. The aluminum body is finished in black with various manufacturer decals and a diamond-plate front lower nose panel. The trailer measures approximately 24′ long and has a right-side access door, a manually operated jack, a 7-pin plug, a shore power connection, bright trim, and LED lighting. The tandem-axle trailer rides on 15″ alloy wheels mounted with 225/75 Goodyear tires. Braking is provided by electric drums. The tail panel folds down to form a compound loading ramp. The interior is outfitted with overhead lighting, tie-down rails, and recessed floor-mounted anchor tracks. The forward interior area houses black-finished upper and lower metal equipment cabinets, a work surface, a wall-mounted television, a power distribution panel, and electrical outlets. An awning is included in the sale. The winning bid does not include shipping. It is the buyer's responsibility to arrange the details of any shipping or delivery, and to pay any taxes, duties, or charges associated with shipping or delivery.View our third-party shipper recommendations. We need to confirm your billing address in order to appropriately charge fees and taxes should you win an auction. Please provide your billing address below. Congratulations! You're the high bidder. Your bid has been posted in the comment flow on the listing, and you can see other bids there as they happen. Good luck! Please confirm if the following details are aligned with your current contact information. If not, pleaseupdate your profile. Bidding will advance immediately to $. The BaT Service Fee is 5% of the bid, with a minimum of $250 up to a maximum of $7,500.VAT on Service Fee is charged in USD If you win the auction, your card will be charged for the service fee and you pay the seller directly for the vehicle. If you don't win, your existing pre-authorization will be released. When you bid we pre-authorize your credit card for the service fee(this helps prevent fraud). If you win the auction, your card will be charged for the service fee and you pay the seller directly for the vehicle. If you don't win, the pre-authorization will be released. *Exchange Rates You are bidding for this item in USD. This means, if you have the winning bid, you will need to make your payment to the seller in USD. It is your responsibility to check the conversion rate, and you should also note that exchange rates may fluctuate between now and the due date of your payment after the end of the auction. Taxation If you are the highest bidder, you will also need to pay the seller any applicable taxes/VAT. Your bid may not be inclusive of these amounts. Relevant details are included in the listing, so please ensure you have read and understood this information before placing your bid. Note that, if you will need to import the vehicle to your country, you may be responsible for import-related taxes. For more info,read about our auctionsoremail uswith any questions. By clicking on “Place a Bid” below, I acknowledge that theright to cancelservice will not apply once the bid has been placed, as the service will be provided immediately and agree to Bring a Trailer’sTerms of Use. Your bid of $is $more that the current high bid of $. Are you sure you want to proceed?

Retrofitting a port berth with shore power can take anywhere from three to seven years of permitting, construction, and grid upgrades. Now, a UK company has developed a floating hydrogen-powered platform and can make that wait disappear without having to move a single brick. The Hydrogen Power Hub, a modular floating platform developed by a UK-led consortium headed by Elire Maritime, has cleared six months of engineering trials, removing the last technical barriers before commercial deployment. The system can dispatch up to 5 MW of continuous clean power directly to a docked vessel while it sits at berth – no grid connection, no port construction required. The platform is built from three hexagonal modules that together cover around 1,200 sq m (12,917 sq ft). At full capacity, it can supply 91 MWh of energy per week, enough to serve mid-size cruise ships. The core of the system is a set of 1.3-MW modular hydrogen fuel cells – essentially electrochemical devices that convert hydrogen gas into electricity through a chemical reaction, with water as the only byproduct. Those fuel cells run continuously, consuming between 7,500 and 8,000 kg (16,535 and 17,637 lb) of hydrogen per week, slowly charging a 45-MWh onboard battery bank. When a ship pulls up, that stored energy can be discharged rapidly like a giant power bank. An onboard solar array generates up to 146 kW of additional power, giving the platform some autonomy between hydrogen resupply visits, which happen roughly twice a week by support vessel. Docked ships are some of the dirtiest neighbors a port city has. Their diesel auxiliary engines keep running, burning fuel and pushing exhaust over the surrounding city just to keep the onboard systems alive. The Hydrogen Power Hub cuts port emissions by 77% compared to those conventional diesel generators, saving an estimated 47 tonnes of CO2 per ship per week and eliminating the particulate pollution that drifts over surrounding cities. One of the more novel technical bets is the hydrogen storage system developed by Rux Energy UK, which uses nanoporous materials – materials riddled with microscopic pores that trap hydrogen molecules – to store the gas compactly and at low pressure. That's a meaningful safety and logistics advantage over high-pressure tank alternatives. The University of Strathclyde stress-tested the designs in wave tanks to verify structural integrity and inter-module connectivity under storm conditions. Schneider Electric and Ricardo plc independently verified that the electrical architecture can operate fully off-grid and thathydrogenintegration meets safety standards. Engineers found no technical barriers to full construction. Its main downside is price. According to Elire, hydrogen-generated electricity from this platform is estimated at £0.25–0.50 per kWh (around US$0.33 to $0.67), compared to £0.15–0.25 (~$0.20 to $0.33) for grid power or diesel – roughly two to three times more expensive. But the platform's proponents argue that speed and flexibility change the equation. It can be assembled, deployed, and relocated as shipping routes shift, avoiding the risk of expensive fixed infrastructure becoming stranded. "Ports are under increasing pressure to decarbonize while facing major infrastructure constraints," said Luke Jenkinson, founder and CEO of Elire Maritime. "We have validated a practical, scalable, and deployable system capable of delivering clean power directly where it is needed most." The consortium, funded through the UKRI Clean Maritime Demonstrator Competition Round 6, has entered early stage engagement with ports in London, Singapore, Hamburg, Brisbane, and Riga – ports already under regulatory pressure to cut emissions but unable to pause operations for years of construction. Source:Elire Maritime

pip install taosmdCopy PIP instructions Released:Jun 9, 2026 Framework-agnostic, local-first AI memory system. 97.0% end-to-end Judge accuracy on LongMemEval-S, measured on a low-end reference stack. Framework-agnostic AI memory system. 97.0% end-to-end Judge accuracy on LongMemEval-S. End-to-end Judge accuracy means retrieve → generate → LLM-grade against the reference answer. Runs offline on anything with 8 GB+ RAM and Python 3.10+: a Pi 4B, an old laptop, an Intel mini PC, a Mac mini, or a 16 GB Orange Pi 5 Plus (our reference low-end). Zero cloud dependencies. Part of thetaOSecosystem. Methodology and comparison notes indocs/benchmarks.md. Most memory benchmarks run on hosted models (GPT-4o-mini, Claude, Gemini) behind an API key, fine for prototypes, not fine if you're: The 97.0% on LongMemEval-S was measured on our reference low-end stack (Orange Pi 5 Plus, 16 GB RAM). The same code runs on a Pi 4B, an Intel mini PC, a Mac mini, an old laptop, or a workstation with a GPU, seeHardware Tested. No hidden hosted model doing the heavy lifting off-camera. Zero cloud dependencies. Zero API keys. NPU if you have one, CPU if you don't, cluster if you want the throughput. The cleanest way to install taosmd is to ask your agent to do it. Paste this message into Claude Code, Cursor, your OpenClaw shell, whatever: Please install taosmd as my memory system. The repo is github.com/jaylfc/taosmd. Don't summarise the repo or paraphrase the rules. Copy them verbatim, the wording is the contract. The agent will pull the repo, run the install, register itself, append the per-turn rules block to its own instruction file, and verify everything works. After that, every turn it runs it'll check the librarian when it's uncertain, seetaosmd/docs/agent-rules.mdfor the rules block it installs (also available viataosmd.agent_rules()). Multiple agents in one framework?Same install message works. The agent will ask you to name it before registering, so each agent gets its own shelf. The taosmd service stays one process with one shared set of stores; per-agent isolation is enforced by anagenttag on every row, not by separate files. Seedocs/multi-agent.mdfor the full naming convention, project-scoped and cross-agent memory, migration scenarios, and a five-agent worked example. Inside taOS?Don't use this. taOS provisions taosmd automatically when you deploy an agent, and the rules block is baked into the agent template. This install path is for standalone framework users. Note:A v0.3.0 PyPI release is prepared and will be published shortly; until it is live,pip install taosmdwill not resolve, so install from source:git clonethenpip install -e .(add the MCP server withpip install -e ".[mcp]"), verified on a clean environment. The one-line bootstrap (which additionally installs Ollama and downloads the embedding and LLM models) is newer and still being validated across clean machines, so please report issues. This will: Always install taOSmd into a virtual environment, and never withsudointo the system Python. A system-wide copy under/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/taosmd(left by an earliersudo pip install) will shadow a venv editable install, soimport taosmdresolves to the stale system copy instead of your checkout. To check what is actually being imported and remove a stale system copy: Runningtaosmd serveas a systemd unit? Point the unit at your venv's interpreter (ExecStart=/path/to/.venv/bin/python -m taosmd serve ...); a PyPI or venv install needs noWorkingDirectoryand no repo checkout to start. If you're using Claude Code, OpenClaw, Cursor, or any AI coding agent, paste this into your conversation or CLAUDE.md / AGENTS.md: Set up taOSmd as my persistent memory system. Clonehttps://github.com/jaylfc/taosmdand runscripts/setup.sh, it installs everything (embedding model, Qwen3-4B LLM, data stores, daily archive compression cron). After setup, integrate taOSmd into your workflow: Store facts you learn about me: Archive every conversation turn (zero-loss: never summarise, never delete): Search my history when I ask about something: Extract facts automatically from our conversations: Before answering, check what you know about me: The archive is append-only and kept forever. Every conversation, tool call, decision, and error should be recorded. Old archives are compressed to gzip daily at 3 AM. The knowledge graph tracks structured facts with temporal validity, update facts when they change, don't delete them. Production leader recipefor LoCoMo-class workloads:qwen3.5:9bgenerator +--retrieval-top-k 20 --adjacent-turns 2 --llm-query-expansion --fusion mem0_additive --gen-temp 0.2. Reproduces 0.68 Overall / 0.55 Single-hop on full 1540 QAs undergemma4:e2bjudge, seedocs/benchmarks.md. All flags available on master as of PR #69. 97.0% end-to-end Judge accuracy on LongMemEval-S(500 questions, standard test set). Harness:benchmarks/longmemeval_runner.py. These are our own reproducible measurements, not a third-party-audited landscape ranking. Every number pins its generator, judge, dataset, and commit so you can re-run it on your own hardware, and we deliberately report under a strict local judge (qwen3:4b) alongside the lenient frontier-judge number that other systems publish, so the comparison is honest about what's being measured. See thejudge-sensitivity analysis. Seedocs/benchmarks.mdfor the full LongMemEval-S breakdown, the LoCoMo (1540-QA multi-session) measurements with retrieval-architecture ablations, methodology, and per-hardware-tier configuration recommendations (12 / 8 / 4 GB GPU, Orange Pi NPU, RPi 4). The Librarian adds LLM-assisted query expansion on top of the vector + cross-encoder stack. We measure its effect with a purpose-built three-axis harness on long-horizon sessions (60 turns, fact buried at turn 5). Axis C, vocabulary-gap coherence(2026-04-15, gemma4:e2b 5B, Fedora host): +15.4% on the vocabulary-gap axis.The cross-encoder alone adds nothing when the target fact is excluded from its candidate pool, only the Librarian's expansion bridges category→specific-name gaps (e.g. query:"code editor", fact:"Neovim lua config done"). These are preliminary results on one class of retrieval failure; we're actively working on tougher benchmarks to stress-test staleness detection and multi-store routing before drawing composite conclusions. LoCoMo-10 is a harder dataset than LongMemEval-S: 1540 QAs across multi-session conversations (50+ sessions, 400 to 700 turns), four categories, more pressure on the retrieval architecture. We run it on the smaller generators we actually target so the numbers reflect the hardware tier our users run on, not gpt-4o-mini. MaxSim + reranking is the current leader on the full 1540-QA test set, first across all three of our judges.It runs abge-v2-m3cross-encoder doing late-interaction (MaxSim) scoring over a wider k=50 candidate pool: MaxSim+rerank wins clearly under the lenient and qwen3-instruct judges (about +0.025 each) and is first, by a near-tie margin, under the strict llama judge. The ordering MaxSim > RRF > mem0_additive is identical across all three judges. Published numbers from Mem0/EMem/Zep use a lenient frontier judge (gpt-4o-mini), so thegemma4:e2b0.748 is the more apples-to-apples comparison with their headlines. Judge note.Our earlier strict judge (qwen3:4b) is a thinking model whose current build no longer emits clean YES/NO verdicts, so the strict column now uses two non-thinking judges:llama3.1:8bandqwen3:4b-instruct-2507. Legacy strict figures from earlier tables (RRF 0.557, mem0 0.540) came from an olderqwen3:4bbuild and are not directly comparable to the new judges. Seedocs/benchmarks.mdfor the full multi-judge analysis. Default recipe (tier-gated).Where the cross-encoder reranker is affordable (a GPU box, or any tier with headroom), MaxSim+rerank is the recommended default. On constrained tiers such as a Pi 4B on CPU, drop the reranker and use a lighter recipe (RRF or mem0_additive), trading roughly 0.02 to 0.06 for much lower latency. Both RRF and mem0_additive beat the older mem0-only guidance on every judge at full 1540, so any earlier "mem0_additive is the default" wording is superseded by this. Subset 200 ≠ full 1540 for every recipe.Earlier versions of this table reported subset-200 numbers for some rows. Validating those at full 1540 found the leader recipe (qwen+mem0+temp 0.2) generalises within −0.01 SH, but the previously-listed "Best Single-hop" pick (llama3.1:8b + RRF + temp 0.2) regressed by −0.16 SH at full scale and has been removed below. All ranks shown here are now validated at full 1540 before promotion; the asterisked rows are explicit about which scale they were measured at. Recommended generators at the 12 GB GPU tier(leader recipe, dual-judge scored, temperature-tuned): † Subset-200 measurement; the top two rows are validated at full 1540. The llama3.1:8b + RRF row from earlier versions of this table was removed after its full-1540 Single-hop measured at 0.49 (vs 0.65 on subset 200), failing the validation threshold. Other measured 12 GB-tier generators (Overall under gemma4:e2b judge, leader recipe):gemma4:e4b0.60 / 0.65 (best at temp 0.5),gemma4:e2b0.60 (best at temp 0.5),granite4:tiny-h0.56,phi4-reasoningtimeout. Per-generator temp sweet spots(matters more than we expected):qwen3.5:9bpeaks at temp 0.2;llama3.1:8bprefers fully-greedy (0.0);gemma4:e4bprefers 0.5 for Overall;gemma4:e2bprefers 0.0 for Single-hop. There's no universal sampling temperature for our local-tier stack, the right temp interacts with the model's training distribution. Seedocs/benchmarks.mdfor the per-generator × per-temp breakdown. About the dual judge.We score every new cell under two LLM judges:qwen3:4b(locally-runnable, deliberately strict, never refuses) andgemma4:e2b(lenient, calibrated closer to gpt-4o-mini). Thesame predictionsscore 0.28 vs 0.53 Single-hop respectively, judge strictness is a load-bearing variable in any LLM-judged benchmark. Reporting both is the honest middle ground between under-claiming under our strict judge and over-claiming under a frontier-API judge we can't afford to run on every cell. Hardware-tier defaults: 4-6 GB VRAM systems should keepqwen3:4bas their judge (fits comfortably, fast), 8 GB+ can rungemma4:e2b(7.2 GB) for matched-with-paper-SOTA comparison numbers. Full table, the 9B quant cliff (8 quants from Q2 through Q6, including the 8 GB-tier IQ4_XS at 0.55), the answer-prompt-variants and ENGRAM-typed-retrieval negative results, judge-sensitivity analysis, and per-hardware-tier configurations indocs/benchmarks.md. Tier breakouts for 4 GB / 8 GB / 16 GB Pi NPU tiers will land as those benches dual-rescore. taOSmd is a standalone library. Platform features like job scheduling, worker management, gaming detection, and mesh sync live in the host platform (e.g.,taOS). For multi-turn data where surrounding turns add context, populate an integer position field at ingest and askretrieve()for ±N positional neighbours. Worth +0.089 on LoCoMo same-tier, seedocs/benchmarks.md. Score retrieval by sign-bit Hamming similarity instead of full-precision cosine. Each vector collapses to1 bit per dimension (32× smaller)with integer-friendly distance, a footprint and CPU-speed win for memory-constrained or SBC deployments. It'srecall-neutral: −0.001 / +0.005 across both judges on the full 1540-QA LoCoMo set (seedocs/benchmarks.md). Off by default; standalone behaviour is unchanged unless you enable it. Use it when the vector-store footprint or CPU distance cost is your binding constraint rather than recall, e.g. an Orange Pi / Rock 5 holding a large memory. Keep it off on a GPU box where full-precision cosine is effectively free. Arecipeis a named, declared config bundle (retrieval + ingest + generator + librarian settings) that carries its own benchmark scores, target hardware tier, and pros/cons. Instead of leaving the retrieval levers at their defaults, taOSmd ships a small registry of recipes we have actually measured (for example themaxsim-rerank-9bleader for a 12 GB GPU and alite-pino-LLM-ingest profile for an Orange Pi / CPU), and afresh install auto-detects your hardware and applies the best affordable recipe on first use, so you run a benchmarked configuration rather than unconfigured defaults. No taOS or network is required: the hardware probe is local, and the reranker model (when a recipe asks for one) downloads on first use with progress and degrades gracefully if it is not yet present. taosmd.recipe_schema()returns the recipe bundle as a JSON Schema, so a host UI can render any recipe generically. The default is tier-gated: the reranking leader where the cross-encoder is affordable, a lighter recipe (RRF, or the lite profile) on constrained tiers. Seedocs/benchmarks.mdfor the per-recipe scores. taOSmd can expose its memory over theModel Context Protocolso any MCP-capable agent (Claude Desktop, Cursor, Codex, OpenWebUI, …) can read and write memory directly, no custom integration. The server is local-first and offline: it speaks thestdiotransport (the standard for desktop MCP clients), with no network listener and no cloud dependency. The MCP SDK is anoptional dependency, so the core install stays lean. From a source checkout: Run the server over stdio: Point an MCP client at it by spawning that command. For example, in a Claude Desktop / Cursor MCP config: Tools exposed (memory tools each take anagentargument, honouring the same per-agent isolation as the Python API): It reuses the same shared service layer as thelocal HTTP/REST server, so behaviour matches the Python API and CLI exactly. The MCP server is additive and opt-in, it only runs when you start it; standalone use is untouched, andimport taosmdworks whether or not themcpSDK is installed. By default taOSmd reads and writes a local data store on the same machine. When you want a thin client (a laptop, a desktop agent) to use memory that lives on a more capable machine (a Pi, a GPU box, a shared server), point the client at the server's HTTP URL and every data call routes there transparently. On the server machine, install taOSmd and start it as a background service, binding to all interfaces so remote clients can reach it: The helper scriptsscripts/install-server.sh(bash) andscripts/install-server.ps1(PowerShell) automate the install, health-check, and Tailscale setup guidance. On each client machine: The helper scriptsscripts/install-client.sh(bash) andscripts/install-client.ps1(PowerShell) automate the package install, URL configuration, skill install, and health check. You can also set the URL for a single invocation without touching the config: Or export it for a shell session: Resolution order (first non-empty wins):TAOSMD_SERVER_URLenv var, thenserver_urlin~/.taosmd/config.json, then local mode. By default there is no authentication. If the server is on a trusted private network (Tailscale, a home LAN), the network boundary is the access control. For defence in depth, you can require a bearer token: The token is sent asAuthorization: Bearer <token>on every request.GET /healthand the web inspector (GET /) are always public so monitoring probes keep working. Never commit the token to version control. TheRemoteClientclass (taosmd.remote) mirrors the same async interface as the local service module (taosmd.service). The CLI, Python API, and MCP server all checkTAOSMD_SERVER_URL(andconfig.json) at startup and delegate toRemoteClientwhen a URL is configured. From the caller's perspective nothing changes: the sametaosmd.ingest(),taosmd.search(), and A2A calls work in both modes. The ONNX model (models/minilm-onnx/model.onnx) is not included in this repo due to size (90MB). Download it: Or download directly fromHuggingFace. Minimum: 8 GB RAM and Python 3.10+. NPU/GPU optional, they speed up LLM tasks but aren't required. This is the author's primary deployment and the exact stack the 97.0% benchmark was measured on. Other tiers (Pi 4B, Intel mini, Mac mini, GPU box) run the same code, they swap the runtime (Ollama instead of rkllama, CPU/GPU instead of NPU) but keep the same models and the same architecture. Everything in this reference stack runs on the Pi itself; no external server needed for this tier.The Qwen3-4B handles both fact extraction and question answering on the NPU. The ONNX embedding model runs in-process on the CPU. An optional GPU worker (e.g. Fedora with RTX 3060) can accelerate LLM tasks ~10x but is not required, the Pi is fully self-contained. The default Manual Install path. Ollama serves the LLM, ONNX Runtime serves embeddings on the CPU. No platform-specific steps beyond the standard install. Not required for any tier, the LLM runs locally on whatever you've got. A GPU worker accelerates LLM tasks ~10x if you want to offload from a smaller node: taosmd servestarts a local HTTP/REST server (default127.0.0.1:7900, stdlib only, no new dependencies). It is a thin JSON shell over the same service layer as the Python API and CLI, so behaviour is identical across surfaces. Every endpoint that takes anagentparameter forwards it to the service layer, honouring the same per-agent isolation as the Python API. Security note:the server binds127.0.0.1by default, no auth is needed because only local processes can reach it. If you pass--host 0.0.0.0to expose it on a LAN, there is no authentication; put it behind your own network controls. Each hit in/searchresults has the agent-rules contract shape:{text, source, timestamp, confidence, metadata}. taosmd servealso exposes a lightweight message bus for agent-to-agent communication on the same port: Messages are stored as append-only archive events, so they inherit the archive's durability and automatic secret redaction.threaddefaults to"general"when omitted from/a2a/send. Each message object has shape{id, ts, from, body, thread, reply_to}. Three CLI commands consume the bus for monitoring (all share an id-based, exactly-once cursor and a--exclude <sender>filter):taosmd a2a-pollfetches only-new messages and updates a small state file (cron-friendly, durable across sessions);taosmd a2a-watchholds the SSE stream and prints one line per new message for instant in-session pickup; andtaosmd a2a-bridge --trigger <cmd>runs a command per new message with the message JSON on stdin, which can wake a dormant agent on arrival. The bundledtaosmd-a2askill (taosmd install-skill) walks through joining a channel and setting up durable or realtime monitoring. GET /andGET /uiserve a read-only local web dashboard, a bundled React single-page app with three views: memory search, the pending-review queue, and a live A2A channel monitor (it lists channels, then backfills a channel's history and live-updates over the SSE stream). It is served entirely from local bundled assets (no CDN, works fully offline); if the dashboard assets haven't been built, the server falls back to a minimal self-contained stdlib inspector page. Read-only, it exposes no write or destructive actions; the JSON endpoints above are the integration surface. To run the server as a background service (systemd on Linux, launchd on macOS, or a Scheduled Task on Windows), use--install-service: Seedocs/serve-service.mdfor platform-specific details, log locations, and how to change host/port/data-dir after installation. A crash between the archive write and the vector-store write iningest()can leave a conversation turn in the archive but absent from vector recall. The archive is the source of truth;reconciledetects and repairs that gap: --checkexits non-zero when any turn is missing, so you can run it from a cron health-check. The repair path re-adds only turns that are genuinely absent; it never resurrects turns that were intentionally superseded by a correction. Safe to run after a crash or periodically via cron. Copies the bundledtaosmd-a2aagent-setup skill into~/.claude/skills/taosmd-a2a/so it is available across all Claude Code projects. Pass--forceto overwrite an existing installation. All benchmark numbers indocs/benchmarks.mdpin the commit they were measured on. If taOSmd is useful to you: MIT Core taOSmd (the 97.0% benchmark) is fully self-contained, it uses only standard packages (SQLite, numpy, ONNX Runtime) plus the MiniLM embedding model. No external servers or forked repos needed. Optional integrations for the full taOS stack: Built byjaylfc. Part of thetaOSecosystem. Benchmark dataset:LongMemEval(ICLR 2025) Embedding model:all-MiniLM-L6-v2 0.3.0 Jun 9, 2026 Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more aboutinstalling packages. UploadedJun 9, 2026Source Filter files by name, interpreter, ABI, and platform. If you're not sure about the file name format, learn more aboutwheel file names. Copy a direct link to the current filtersCopy UploadedJun 9, 2026Python 3 Details for the filetaosmd-0.3.0.tar.gz. See more details on using hashes here. The following attestation bundles were made fortaosmd-0.3.0.tar.gz: Publisher:publish.ymlon jaylfc/taosmd Details for the filetaosmd-0.3.0-py3-none-any.whl. See more details on using hashes here. The following attestation bundles were made fortaosmd-0.3.0-py3-none-any.whl: Publisher:publish.ymlon jaylfc/taosmd Supported by

Il governo britannico sta preparando una mossa drastica nella protezione dei minori online che prende di mira Google, Apple e le altre aziende tecnologiche, le quali potrebbero presto essere obbligate per legge a bloccare l’accesso a immagini sessualmente esplicite su smartphone e altri dispositivi utilizzati da utenti con meno di 18 anni. Una proposta legislativa che alza l’asticella rispetto alle normative esistenti e che potrebbe avere ripercussioni ben oltre i confini del Regno Unito. Il primo ministro Keir Starmer ha voluto sottolineare la fattibilità della richiesta, respingendo in anticipo le obiezioni che potrebbero arrivare dalle big tech. “Non si tratta di una sfida impossibile. Queste sono alcune delle aziende più innovative al mondo e credo che possano risolverla“, ha dichiarato il capo del governo britannico, lasciando intendere che Londra non accetterà scuse tecniche o tentennamenti. Facciamo chiarezza. Segui TuttoAndroid su Google Discover Multe e responsabilità penale per chi non si adegua Le aziende produttrici che non rispetteranno la futura normativa potrebbero trovarsi a fare i conti con sanzioni economiche significative e, nei casi più gravi, con una vera e propria responsabilità penale per scoraggiare eventuali resistenze da parte dei colossi tech, storicamente poco inclini ad accettare imposizioni governative sul funzionamento dei propri dispositivi. L’obiettivo della proposta è integrare funzionalità specifiche nei dispositivi, anche attraverso aggiornamenti software per quelli già in commercio, in modo da impedire ai minori di scattare, inviare o visualizzare immagini sessualmente esplicite sui loro telefoni e tablet. Un intervento che andrebbe a incidere direttamente sul funzionamento della fotocamera e delle applicazioni di messaggistica. Segui Google su Telegram, ricevi news e offerte per primo Il problema dei contenuti autoprodotti dai minori Il Regno Unito ha già adottato l’Online Safety Act, ma ora punta ad alzare ulteriormente il livello di protezione. La ragione di questa accelerazione emerge chiaramente dai dati. Il 91% delle segnalazioni di abusi sessuali sui minori online registrate nel 2024 è stato legato a contenuti autoprodotti dai minori stessi. Un dato impressionante che evidenzia come il problema non riguardi soltanto la protezione dai contenuti esterni, ma anche la prevenzione di comportamenti rischiosi da parte degli stessi giovani utenti. Nel frattempo, il governo britannico sta lavorando anche su un’altra misura controversa ma che negli ultimi mesi ha preso sempre più piede in diverse nazioni nel mondo, ovvero un blocco all’accesso ai social media per i minori; il che andrebbe a configurare un approccio particolarmente restrittivo alla presenza online dei più giovani. Le prime reazioni delle aziende coinvolte La BBC ha raccolto una prima dichiarazione di Google, che sulla questione ha commentato in tono collaborativo. “Stiamo collaborando in modo costruttivo con i partner del Regno Unito per trovare soluzioni efficaci e rispettose della privacy che scoraggino la diffusione di contenuti dannosi, garantendo al contempo un ambiente digitale sicuro per i giovani“, ha fatto sapere l’azienda di Mountain View. Apple, invece, ha scelto per il momento di non commentare in alcun modo la proposta del governo britannico. Un silenzio che potrebbe indicare una fase di valutazione interna, o una strategia attendista in attesa di capire come si evolverà il percorso legislativo. Sebbene l’idea alla base sia lodevole e meritevole di attenzioni, resta ancora da capire come queste funzionalità potrebbero essere implementate tecnicamente senza compromettere la privacy degli utenti adulti e senza creare sistemi di scansione dei contenuti che potrebbero essere utilizzati per altri scopi. Ci troviamo di fronte al solito equilibrio delicato tra protezione e libertà; una situazione a cui le aziende coinvolte saranno chiamate a prendere una decisione, sempre che la proposta di legge arrivi effettivamente in porto. Vi terremo aggiornati in tal senso.

Fairfield, NJ, June 09, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- A 2026 consumer overview examining Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 cooling technology claims, Arctic Air cooler cooling efficiency, return policy requirements and what product information publicly available across the Arctic Air portfolio. Where terms such as "under investigation" and "review" appear within this content, they refer to a structured overview of publicly available product information and company-published policies — not a third-party analysis, independent testing, legal proceeding, or external evaluation. All details should be verified on the official website. This overview contains affiliate links. If a purchase is made through these links, a commission may be earned at no additional cost to the buyer. This content is informational and does not constitute medical, health, or fitness advice. All product details described below are stated as presented by the company and should be verified directly on the official website before any purchasing decision. Arctic Air states that its product line - which includes Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 and Arctic Air Cooler - is designed to provide a portable and personal cooling experience all summer long. The company states features included Jet- Fan Technology, Ice-Powered cooling system, Triple-speed power, Whisper Quiet Operation, Compact and Portable, and LED Nightlight. Search activity around Arctic Air has increased as consumers look for more information about product features, pricing and transparency across the portable cooling systems. Interest in cooling devices continues to rise as consumers seek for an efficient and affordable alternative to keep home cold on the hottest summer night. This overview is structured to provide more clarity on product features, pricing, publicly available information across the Arctic Air Lineup. It walks through how product details and policies are presented across the company’s official materials with more emphasis on Arctic Ice Jet X3, the latest release by Arctic Air so readers can review how product details and policies are presented across the company’s official materials. View the current Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 offer (official Website) Why Search Interest Around Arctic Air Has Increased Enormously In 2026 Obviously, consumer awareness around Arctic Air has grown. As the brand has expanded from single product to multiple cooling systems, including the newest arrival, The Arctic Air Ice Jet X3, more people are looking into what is new and how the brand presents its product lineup within the cooling ecosystem. The types of questions that come up most often tend to fall into a few predictable categories: Does this actually work? Is the brand legitimate? How does it compare with others? What are the obvious limitations? What does the return policy look like in practice? This is a common step in the decision-making process and those are exactly the kind of questions this overview tries to address. One thing worth noting upfront: Arctic Air's official website displays customer ratings directly on its own product pages - an average 4.9 out of 5 rating for Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 out of thousands of users. They also claimed that 94% of users will likely recommend Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 this summer. These figures appear on the company’s own storefront, if independently verified third-party ratings matter to you, searching for products on external consumer platforms can give you a broader picture. Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 Product Details and Features The Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 is a small, portable personal air cooler manufactured and sold directly by Arctic Air. At its core, it is a personal cooling unit designed not to cool an entire home or office space, but to cool you — the individual sitting in front of it. Unlike traditional air conditioning units, which require professional installation, refrigerant systems, ductwork, and significant electrical infrastructure, Arctic Air claims that this is a plug-and-play device. It sits comfortably on a desk, nightstand, kitchen counter, or any flat surface, and requires nothing more than a power outlet (or USB port) and a supply of ice to operate. From What Arctic Air Claims, the concept looks simple: you fill the internal cooling chamber with ice, switch the unit on, and within seconds it begins blasting cold, refreshing air directly at you. They claim that there are no technicians to call, no installation appointments to schedule, no $3,000 upfront equipment costs, and no dramatic monthly electricity spikes to dread. Special Offer -Visit The Official Product Sales Page For More Details About Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 The Science and Technology Behind It To understand whether the Ice Jet X3 truly delivers, it helps to understand the physics at work. The device operates on what Arctic Air called evaporative cooling combined with forced convection — a combination that has been used in various forms for thousands of years, from ancient Egyptian wet-cloth cooling techniques to modern industrial evaporative coolers. Here is the basic science:when warm air passes over or through a cold medium (in this case, ice), heat energy is transferred from the air to the ice. The ice absorbs that thermal energy as it melts, and the air that exits the other side of the process is significantly cooler. The Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 accelerates and amplifies this process using what Arctic Air calls Jet-Fan Technology. Jet-Fan Technology, according to Arctic Air Reviews, is described as being inspired by the airflow dynamics of actual jet engines. The fan draws warm ambient air in through the back of the unit at high velocity, forces it through the ice-filled cooling chamber at close range, and then expels the cooled air outward in a directed, concentrated stream. The result is not a gentle misting effect or a vaguely cool breeze — it is a focused blast of cold air that can be felt immediately and directly. If true, then it is the key distinction between a basic fan and the Arctic Air Ice Jet X3. A standard desk fan simply moves existing room-temperature air around, it creates the sensation of cooling through evaporation of sweat on your skin, but it does not actually reduce the temperature of the air itself. The Arctic Air Ice Jet X3, by contrast, genuinely lowers the temperature of the air it outputs if the working technology is true as the paper said. Basically, The ice does real thermodynamic work, and the Jet-Fan delivery system ensures that cooled air reaches you efficiently rather than dispersing into the room.. quoted by the Manufacturer, Arctic Air. Obviously, the effectiveness of the unit is naturally dependent on how much ice is loaded and ambient room conditions. In a small, enclosed space with direct positioning, the cooling effect is most pronounced. In a large open area, the cold air will dissipate more quickly. This is why Arctic Air classified it as a personal cooler. It is designed to cool a person, not a room. Used correctly, with the unit positioned within a few feet and pointed directly at the user, Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 claims to perform exactly as advertised. Key Features The Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 comes equipped with a range of features that make it practical, versatile, and genuinely pleasant to use day-to-day: Jet-Fan Technology:The proprietary fan system draws hot air in and pushes cold air out at speed, delivering a concentrated stream of chilled air rather than a soft, diffuse breeze. This is the engineering heart of the device and the primary reason it outperforms standard desk fans for cooling comfort. Ice-Powered Cooling Chamber: The internal compartment is specifically designed to hold ice efficiently, maximizing contact between the ice and incoming air. The chamber is insulated to extend ice life, keeping the air output cold for hours rather than minutes. Three Fan Speed Settings:Arctic Air Claims Users can choose between Low, Medium, and High settings, giving full control over airflow intensity. Low is ideal for quiet overnight use or close-range cooling; High delivers maximum cold air output for peak heat conditions. Whisper-Quiet Operation:One of the most frequently praised aspects of the Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 is its remarkably low noise profile. The unit is engineered to run quietly enough that it can be used in a bedroom throughout the night without disrupting sleep — something that cannot always be said for traditional window AC units or even portable air conditioners. Built-In LED Nightlight:The Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 includes an integrated LED nightlight with seven color options. This soft, ambient glow makes it particularly well-suited for bedroom use, providing gentle illumination without the harshness of overhead lighting. Portable and Lightweight Design:The compact form factor makes the Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 easy to move from room to room, or even take outside the home. It is well-suited for dorm rooms, home offices, garages, RVs, campers, and any space where personal cooling is needed without the ability to install permanent air conditioning. Universal Power Compatibility:The unit connects via a standard US power cable that plugs into any wall outlet or compatible USB port, making it accessible without any special electrical requirements. No Filters, No Maintenance:Unlike traditional air conditioning systems that require periodic filter replacements, refrigerant checks, and professional servicing, the Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 requires no ongoing maintenance beyond cleaning and restocking with ice. Pricing Thecompany’s product pagelists the single unit of Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 at $49.99, two units at $99.99, three units at $139.99 and four units at $179.99. The company didn’t disclose anything like shipping and handling fees so any additional fees should be displayed at checkout. Who The Arctic Air Product Line May Be Right For? These products may align well with people who: Remote workers and home office users who spend long hours at a desk and want targeted personal cooling without running whole-home AC continuously. People in hot climates who want to reduce their reliance on central air conditioning without sacrificing comfort. Students in dorms or shared apartments where central AC is limited or shared. Light sleepers who want nighttime cooling without the noise of traditional AC units. RV, camper, and van-life enthusiasts who need portable, low-power cooling on the road. Garage and workshop users who work in spaces that are not connected to the home's HVAC system. Budget-conscious households looking to lower summer electricity costs. Anyone in a rental property where installing permanent air conditioning is not possible or practical. Visit Official Website to view current price, return policy and other information regarding purchase What Consumers Are Looking For When Searching For A Portable Cooling Device In 2026 Product transparency:Obviously, researchers want to see the real company behind the product, their address, history etc which help in building trust. Verified technology:Is the science behind its operations legit or just an engineering word to draw attention. Researchers always want to go deeper to get more confidence. Real user experience:Real user experience is definitely a factor to consider when evaluating such products. Most people are looking at firsthand information which is okay for anyone looking to try something but doesn’t want risk. Build Quality:Researchers are looking at durability of the product, evaluating whether it can stand the test of time or just use and thrash device. Return policy clarity.The company describes a 30-day money-back guarantee for the Arctic Air Ice Jet x3. Before relying on this as a safety net, contacting the support team to confirm current return requirements — including whether return shipping is your responsibility, whether original packaging is needed, and how long refund processing takes Questions Consumers Commonly Ask About Arctic Air Is Arctic Air Legitimate Brand? Arctic Air is a commercial operating business based in FairField. The company provides customer support via phone and email during published business hours. As with other products, reviewing product details, return terms and company’s publish policies before ordering is a sound approach. Are The Customer Ratings On The Official Website Independently Verified? All ratings displayed on Arctic Air Website appear on the company’s own product pages. Whether these ratings are aggregated from an independent third-party platform is not clearly stated on the website. Searching for Arctic Air product information on external consumer guides provides an additional, helpful insight. What’s The Difference Between Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 and Arctic Air Ice Jet? From theofficial website, both products are the same. Just spelling differences. Is Arctic Air Cooler On Sale Now? Currently, Arctic Air Cooler is not available, the company only advertise The latest version called the Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 Can These Replace A Home Central Cooling System? No, even with multiple units. The website advertised it as a personal cooling system. Ideally, a single unit for one person. What Are The Limitations Of This Brand Of Cooling System? Transparency requires acknowledging what the Arctic Air brand does not do. Obviously, the Arctic Air Ice Jet X3is not a whole-room or whole-home cooler. If your goal is to lower the ambient temperature of a large room, this device will underperform. Effectiveness decreases in extreme heat without regular ice replenishment. On very hot days, ice will melt faster, requiring more frequent refills to maintain optimal cooling output which is an obvious drawback to know if you are looking to invest in this type of air cooler. It requires a steady supply of ice. While this is a minor inconvenience for most households, it is worth noting that ongoing operation has a soft cost in the form of ice consumption. It will not dehumidify though some reviews claim that it does but it really doesn’t. Traditional air conditioning also removes humidity from the air, which contributes significantly to perceived comfort in humid climates. Limited range. Its cooling effect is most powerful within a few feet of the unit. It is not effective for cooling people on the other side of the room. Complaints From Verified Users In The United States Obviously, Some users express frustration with the ongoing need to refill ice, particularly on very hot days when ice melts quickly. For people who do not have a convenient ice supply at home, this can become a minor but recurring inconvenience. A small number of buyers who purchased it as a whole-room or whole-home cooling have been disappointed — though this reflects an expectation mismatch rather than a product failure. Most marketing materials from some platforms clearly position it as a personal cooler. A few users in very large, open spaces (such as large garages or outdoor patios) noted that the cold air dispersed too quickly to provide meaningful relief without positioning the unit very close to the body. Verdict The Arctic Air is just a brand offering a range of portable air coolers though we concentrate on Arctic Air Ice Jet X3. Will hope this work addresses some of you query and we are sorry if it doesn’t. Complete product details, current pricing and published terms are available at the link below: View the current Arctic Air Ice Jet X3 offer (official Website)

Delray Beach, FL, June 09, 2026 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- According to MarketsandMarkets™, theFacility Management Marketis projected to grow from USD 61.08 billion in 2025 to USD 138.50 billion by 2030, expanding at a CAGR of 17.8% during the forecast period. Browse 383 market data Tables and 56 Figures spread through 318 Pages and in-depth TOC on "Facility ManagementMarket - Global Forecast to 2030" Facility Management Market Size & Forecast: Facility Management Market Trends & Insights: Download PDF Brochure @https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/pdfdownloadNew.asp?id=1030 This growth reflects a rising demand among organizations to streamline complex building operations and ensure that physical assets, energy systems, and workplace environments function in sync to support broader business goals. As organizations increasingly prioritize occupant well-being, operational efficiency, and sustainability, several market forces are actively reshaping the facility management landscape. Technological advancements, particularly the integration of Integrated Workplace Management Systems (IWMS), IoT-based asset monitoring, AI-enabled predictive maintenance, and building information modeling, are playing a critical role in driving this transformation. Simultaneously, stricter regulations around energy consumption, carbon emissions, and occupational health and safety are pushing businesses to modernize and automate their facility operations. These developments are enabling organizations to optimize resource usage, enhance security protocols, and achieve higher levels of regulatory compliance. As a result, facility management is shifting from a traditionally cost-centric function to a strategic enabler that contributes directly to improved organizational performance, reduced expenses, and long-term sustainability outcomes. Based on offerings, the solutions segment is expected to hold the largest market size during the forecast period The solutions segment within facility management encompasses a comprehensive suite of integrated technologies and services designed to streamline operations, enhance efficiency, and ensure compliance across various facility types. This segment includes offerings such as integrated workplace management systems (IWMS), building information modeling (BIM), and advanced security systems, which collectively address the multifaceted needs of modern facilities. The increasing complexity of building operations, driven by sustainability mandates, regulatory requirements, and the need for real-time data analytics, has led organizations to adopt these holistic solutions. Gasunie, the Netherlands’ main natural gas transportation network, had 90 different systems for facility processes. To improve efficiency and reduce costs, they consolidated these systems by implementing Planon's IWMS, which included modules for work order management, service desk, move management, project management, and maintenance management. This streamlined their processes down to just one system. King's College London, managing 4.3 million square feet across 130 buildings, used Planon's IWMS platform to gain control and transparency, reducing its maintenance backlog by 50% in three months and shifting from reactive to preventive maintenance. Request Sample Pages @https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/requestsampleNew.asp?id=1030 Based on services, the managed services segment is expected to witness a higher growth rate during the forecast period Managed services in facility management refer to the outsourcing of specific operational functions to specialized third-party providers who assume responsibility for the day-to-day management and maintenance of these services. This approach allows organizations to focus on their core competencies while ensuring that facility operations are handled by experts with the necessary skills and resources. The growing complexity of building systems and the increasing need for compliance with stringent regulations and standards have made managed services an attractive option for many organizations. For instance, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC) integrated its facilities data using Planon's IWMS, resulting in improved operational efficiency and a significant reduction in customer queries. The hospital's Facilities Unit, comprising 340 employees and managing a USD 38.9 million budget, streamlined operations across engineering, logistics, catering, and security departments. The implementation of managed services enabled MUMC to eliminate ambiguity in its processes and gain better insight and transparency, enhancing overall service delivery. This shift toward managed services is driven by the need for specialized expertise, cost efficiency, and the ability to leverage advanced technologies without the burden of in-house management.Asia Pacific is expected to witness the highest growth rate during the forecast period The Asia Pacific region is experiencing rapid urbanization, industrialization, and infrastructure development, all of which contribute to the accelerated demand for facility management services. China and India are witnessing significant growth in their real estate sectors, leading to an increased need for efficient facility operations and management. The expansion of commercial real estate, manufacturing, healthcare, education, retail, and hospitality sectors in the region further drives the demand for comprehensive facility management solutions. Additionally, the growing emphasis on sustainability and energy efficiency is prompting organizations to adopt green building practices and technologies, which require specialized facility management expertise. For instance, Fortescue Metals Group (FMG), based in Western Australia, has adopted System Information Modeling (SIM) for all its projects built since 2010, including large-scale projects like the Solomon Iron Ore project and the expansion of its export port facility. FMG acknowledges that using SIM on these projects resulted in significant savings and more efficient project execution. The adoption of SIM technology in the Asia Pacific region is indicative of the broader trend toward digital transformation in facility management, driven by the need for improved efficiency, cost savings, and sustainability. As these trends continue to unfold, the Asia Pacific region is poised to lead the facility management market in terms of growth rate during the forecast period. Inquire Before Buying:https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Enquiry_Before_BuyingNew.asp?id=1030 As the facility management market moves beyond traditional maintenance to become a critical enabler of organizational performance, the real opportunity lies in convergence, where digitalization, sustainability, and service integration meet. Players that can shift from offering siloed solutions to delivering intelligent, outcome-based platforms will define the competitive frontier. The success of Planon’s IWMS in reducing maintenance backlogs by 50 percent and Gasunie’s consolidation of 90 systems into one operational ecosystem proves that enterprises are no longer just buying services, they are investing in transformation. Similarly, Asia Pacific’s accelerated adoption of technologies such as SIM, as seen with Fortescue Metals, highlights a regional appetite for scalable, high-impact solutions that align with both growth and green imperatives. To capitalize on this momentum, vendors must transition from solution providers to long-term transformation partners by offering modular platforms, data-driven services, and agile delivery models tailored to specific verticals and regulatory landscapes. The winners will be those who do not just respond to demand but shape it by turning facilities into levers of resilience, efficiency, and strategic value creation. Top Companies in Facility Management Market: TheTop Companies in Facility Management Marketinclude Caterpillar (US), ABB (Switzerland), Cisco (US), Sandvik AB (Sweden), Epiroc (Sweden), Hexagon AB (Sweden), Komatsu (Japan), Rockwell Automation (US), Metso (Finland), and Schneider Electric (France).

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Acoustic communication is crucial for survival across the animal kingdom, with acoustic signals being shaped by the interaction of producer and receiver selective pressures. While spectral features’ variation reflects species-specific selection, the evolutionary history of acoustic communication rhythms, i.e., the rhythmic modulations of acoustic signals, remains unknown. Using data from 98 species spanning primarily mammals and birds, with additional representation from amphibians, reptiles, fishes, and insects, we investigate the origins of acoustic communication rhythms, notably whether they are shaped by the producer’s anatomical characteristics, environmental constraints, or social complexity. Regression models which controlled for phylogenetic relatedness did not support an influence of these species-specific selective forces; instead, explicit phylogenetic models of trait evolution showed that most species’ rhythms are conserved around an evolutionary optimum of 2.7 Hz that falls within the neural delta range (1–4 Hz) and predates mammalian divergence. Given the known conserved brain oscillations across species and delta involvement in active sensing, we propose that, unlike spectral features, acoustic rhythm could be governed by a universal neural mechanism facilitating effective intra and interspecific communication via a shared channel that has persisted through evolutionary times. Citation:Piette T, Cathcart C, Barbieri C, Martin Ming K, Grandjean D, Bickel B, et al. (2026) Animal acoustic communication has a conserved optimal rhythm within the neural delta range. PLoS Biol 24(6): e3003798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798 Academic Editor:Gail L. Patricelli, University of California Davis, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Received:July 8, 2025;Accepted:April 28, 2026;Published:June 9, 2026 Copyright:© 2026 Piette et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability:All data and code used for the analysis in this study are available in a public Zenodo repository. This repository contains the raw data, scripts for data processing, analysis, and visualization, as well as detailed instructions for reproducing the results. The repository can be accessed athttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. Funding:The NCCR Evolving Language, Swiss National Science Foundation Agreement Nr. #51NF40_180888, funded this work (https://evolvinglanguage.ch/). This work has also received support from the French National Research Agency (https://www.info.gouv.fr/grand-dossier/france-2030) under the France 2030 program (ANR-23-IAHU-0003), the Fondation pour l’Audition (FPA IDA11 to ALG,https://www.fondationpourlaudition.org/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests:The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Abbreviations:ANOVA, analysis of variance; BM, Brownian Motion; CI, credible intervals; ELPD, expected log pointwise density; IEI, inter-element interval; MCC, maximum clade credibility; MCMC, Markov chain Monte Carlo; PCM, phylogenetic comparative methods; SNR, signal-to-noise ratio Acoustic signals enable effective and instantaneous communication between individuals, even over considerable distances. For these signals to be functional, their structure must convey adaptive information. The importance of spectral features, such as frequency content and pitch, in achieving this has been well established [1–5]. However, acoustic signals are structured not only spectrally but also temporally. Rhythms, low-pass temporal modulations of the acoustic content, also known as the sound envelope, play equally important communicative roles. This is particularly well exemplified by human speech, where speech slow modulations are sufficient for comprehension [6,7]. In most languages, syllable production rate ranges between 4 and 9 syllables per second [8]. This range corresponds to theta neural oscillations, which flexibly adapt to the syllabic rhythm during speech perception, such that modifying this flow impedes this process and reduces speech intelligibility. Rhythmic patterns allow the identification of syllables, but also words, and sentences. At a slower timescale, delta oscillation (1–4 Hz) aligns with prosodic features, and can help convey meaning, intonation, and emotional state [9,10]. In animal calls, such temporal features are no less important, for instance, in vocal recognition [11], mating behavior [12], and predator avoidance [13]. Thus, the temporal patterning of acoustic sequences carries significant communicative functions and is not specific to speech. However, questions remain regarding the factors that influence the evolution of rhythm across the animal kingdom. In this study, we explore acoustic communication rhythms across diverse animal clades, test leading hypotheses on the evolution of signal structure, and model the most plausible evolutionary scenarios. Taking a macroevolutionary perspective, we examine whether large-scale patterns of rhythm variation across species can be explained by shared evolutionary constraints. We consider four major selective forces that may drive the evolution of rhythm. First, the presence of theta rhythms in the vocal productions and mouth movements of non-human primates suggests that such rhythms may originate from the natural oscillatory movements of the articulators, inherited directly from mastication [14–16]. Second, in vocalizing animals, morphological and physiological factors, such as breathing rate, heart rate, or metabolism, may constrain rhythmic range in a manner analogous to constraints on spectral features [17]. Third, for acoustic signals to be effective, they must reach receivers despite environmental constraints, which could shape not only spectral but also temporal features of communication [18,19]. Additionally, the social complexity hypothesis proposes a positive relationship between the complexity of an animal’s social environment and the complexity of its vocal repertoire [20]. Since rhythm determines the rate at which information can be transmitted, social complexity could also positively influence acoustic tempo, as species with more complex social systems may need to convey more information within a given time frame. Finally, it is possible that rhythm evolution is not shaped by species-specific selective pressures, but rather by phylogenetic processes of conservation and diversification that are either shared across, or vary between, lineages. To test these different hypotheses, we quantified rhythm in acoustic sequences primarily from birds and mammals, with additional, more limited data from amphibians, insects, reptiles, and fish. Using Bayesian multilevel models for phylogenetic regression [21], we controlled for phylogenetic relationships and evaluated, in accordance with the previously stated hypotheses, whether weight (as a proxy for breathing rate, heart rate, and metabolism), mastication status, sociality level or ecological characteristics could account for differences in rhythm. Finally, we compared phylogenetic models capturing contrasting evolutionary scenarios, asking whether rhythm shows signatures of convergence toward a shared optimum, as expected under an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) evolutionary process, or whether it has diversified through unconstrained, Brownian-like divergence across lineages. To explore the evolution of communication rhythm in animals, we analyzed acoustic sequences from 98 species (58 birds, 28 mammals, 4 amphibians, 4 insects, 1 reptile, and 1 fish). We calculated rhythm by analyzing the low-pass variations in the signal amplitude, allowing broad applicability across species (Fig 1a–1d). Validation against conventional methods showed consistent results (Fig 1e:F2.171= 0.33,p= 0.72), confirming the robustness of our approach. Control of the impact of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sequence length revealed no significant relationship with rhythm (S1aandS1b Fig). Additional investigation of the allometric relationship between animal weight and the dominant frequency of acoustic signals (S2 Fig), and of the effect of context on rhythm (S4a Fig) further confirmed the validity of our acoustic database. a)Oscillogram of one acoustic sequence of polar skua call, green line shows the computed signal envelope.b)Power spectrum and time-frequency representation of the envelope of the previous sequence.c)Power spectra of the envelopes of all polar skua acoustic sequences.d)Number of sequences per species (ordered by alphabetical order).e)Rhythm computation using sequences of 10 randomly selected species, employing, from left to right, number of elements per second (Count), inter-element intervals (IEI), and wavelet method (Wavelet). The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. a)Oscillogram of one acoustic sequence of polar skua call, green line shows the computed signal envelope.b)Power spectrum and time-frequency representation of the envelope of the previous sequence.c)Power spectra of the envelopes of all polar skua acoustic sequences.d)Number of sequences per species (ordered by alphabetical order).e)Rhythm computation using sequences of 10 randomly selected species, employing, from left to right, number of elements per second (Count), inter-element intervals (IEI), and wavelet method (Wavelet). The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798.g001 To investigate which factors influence the evolution of rhythm, we fitted two phylogenetic regressions in a Bayesian multilevel framework. A full model investigating the impact of weight, mastication status, and living environment while controlling for phylogenetic relatedness, and a null model controlling for phylogenetic relatedness only. Because insects, fish and anurans are underrepresented in our dataset, we restricted the comparative evolutionary analysis to birds and mammals to ensure robust phylogenetic inference. We extended the analyses to the full dataset in the supplementary materials as an exploratory approach, providing an indication of potential generalization. We compared models via their leave-one-out expected log pointwise density (ELPD) and stacking weight. Due to heteroskedasticity, distributional (scale-location) models better fit the data, leveraging over 90% of the stacking weights (S3 Fig). Including the predictors did not improve predictive performance (Fig 2a), and the null model leveraged the highest stacking weight (Fig 2b). The posterior distribution of the regression coefficients of the full model revealed that none of our predictors had any decisive effect on rhythm, given that their 95% credible intervals (CI) all contained zero. Taken together, these results indicate that including these predictors does not add decisive explanatory value to phylogenetic history. The supplementary analyses including all species yielded comparable results, suggesting that this pattern may generalize to more distantly related taxa (S4 Fig). As vocal complexity, our proxy for social complexity in vocalizing species, and beak morphology in birds were not available for all species, these parameters could not be included in the main phylogenetic model. We therefore conducted separate linear mixed model analyses, regressing rhythm on each factor, with phylogenetic class and order as random effects to account for evolutionary influence. These analyses revealed no significant relationship between rhythm and either vocal complexity (S5d Fig:t= −0.75,p= 0.46) or beak morphology (S5e–S5g Fig:t= −1.4, 0.98, 0.35;p= 0.17, 0.33, 0.73). a)Leave-one-out expected log pointwise density difference (ELPD) between the null and the full distributional (scale-location) models.b)Stacking weight of the models.c)Posterior credible intervals (95% and 85%) of the full distributional model (W*M = Weight*Mastication).d)Rhythm plotted as a function of log-transformed weight with predicted slopes from the full distributional model and their standard error.e)Distribution of raw median rhythm (in Hz) across birds and mammals. Each vertical black line represents the median rhythm of a single species. The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. a)Leave-one-out expected log pointwise density difference (ELPD) between the null and the full distributional (scale-location) models.b)Stacking weight of the models.c)Posterior credible intervals (95% and 85%) of the full distributional model (W*M = Weight*Mastication).d)Rhythm plotted as a function of log-transformed weight with predicted slopes from the full distributional model and their standard error.e)Distribution of raw median rhythm (in Hz) across birds and mammals. Each vertical black line represents the median rhythm of a single species. The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798.g002 Visual inspection of the median rhythm for our tested species shows that in every class, acoustic rhythm spans mainly the lower rates <5 Hz (Fig 2d). To understand if the produced rhythms have randomly evolved within this range, favoring species-specific rhythm, or have been maintained around an optimum value, we fitted models of the evolution of vocal rhythm under Brownian Motion (BM) and OU processes [10], representing each evolutionary scenario, respectively. Comparisons of ELPD values and model stackings show that the OU model best fits the data (Fig 3a). The median posterior estimate of rhythm is 2.7 Hz, with 95% CI of [0.45, 4.99] Hz (Fig 3b). This represents both the optimum to which the OU process reverts over time and the likely state at the root of the phylogeny. The posterior distribution of sigma represents the stochastic volatility (Fig 3c) and has a median of 0.68 and a 95% CI of [0.35,2.37]. The posterior distribution of alpha represents the strength of attraction (Fig 3d) and has a median of 1.95 and a 95% CI of [0.42,6.01]. The proportion of posterior half-life estimates lower than 1 (height of the tree) is 95% (Fig 3e), supporting strong selection with fast reversals to the optimum. Consistent with this, rhythm values close to the optimum are also reconstructed for most interior nodes of the phylogeny (Fig 3f). In summary, the model suggests that there is a phylogeny-wide evolutionary pressure towards an optimal rhythm, to which species that would deviate quickly revert to. This result is further supported by models fitted separately for mammals and birds, where the OU model consistently received the highest stacking weight (birds: wOU = 1, mammals: wOU = 0.925) and showed a similar pattern of slow rhythm conservation (S6 Fig). In addition, a supplementary model that included anuran, insect, and fish species yielded comparable outcomes (S7 Fig), suggesting that the conservation of slow acoustic rhythm may have an even older evolutionary origin. a)Stacking weight of the OU and BM distributional models.b)Posterior distribution of rhythm in the OU distributional model.c)Posterior distribution of sigma, the scale of the drift process.d)Posterior distribution of alpha, the strength of selection.e)Posterior distribution of the phylogenetic half-life.f)Visualization of reconstructed median posterior values using a maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree. The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. a)Stacking weight of the OU and BM distributional models.b)Posterior distribution of rhythm in the OU distributional model.c)Posterior distribution of sigma, the scale of the drift process.d)Posterior distribution of alpha, the strength of selection.e)Posterior distribution of the phylogenetic half-life.f)Visualization of reconstructed median posterior values using a maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree. The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798.g003 In this exploratory study, we report an optimum rhythm for acoustic communication in birds and mammals with credible generalization to additional clades (insects, anurans, fish), challenging the idea that it would be shaped by biomechanical constraints. A biomechanical influence would predict distinct rhythms between masticating and non-masticating species, along with a strong negative allometric relationship between rhythm and weight in masticating species. Instead, our analyses show that rhythm evolution cannot be explained by weight, environmental pressures, or social complexity (Figs 2candS5d). This surprising absence of effect indicates that biomechanical constraints exert only a limited influence on acoustic communication rhythms at the macroevolutionary scale. By contrast, control analyses on the signals’ dominant frequency (S2 Fig) reconfirmed that spectral characteristics primarily depend on the specifics of the production organ, which chiefly vary with the animal’s weight [11]. Given the minimal contribution of physical characteristics, the lack of explanatory power from environmental and social variables, and the diversity of auditory structures and production mechanisms across taxa, it is unlikely that this shared rhythm results from similarities in anatomy alone. A key insight comes from comparing potential evolutionary scenarios for rhythm. The phylogenetic analyses clearly favored an OU model over a BM model, indicating strong stabilizing selection rather than unconstrained divergence (Fig 3). This result strengthens the view that species-specific factors, although capable of introducing local variation, do not account for the large-scale conservation of rhythm across distant taxa. With regard to its evolutionary origins, the presence of a similar rhythm across birds and mammals suggests that it was already present in their last common ancestor roughly 340 million years ago (Fig 3). Although insects, amphibians, and fishes are represented by fewer species in our dataset, the presence of slow rhythms in these taxa may hint at an even earlier emergence (S7 Fig). While other factors such as temperature or reverberation are also known to influence communication rhythms in ectotherms, such short-term and context-specific effects are unlikely to generate the macroevolutionary pattern observed here. These findings prompt the consideration of alternative explanations, potentially rooted in neural rather than anatomical, environmental or social factors. As neural mechanisms are essential for survival, they tend to be highly conserved across species and may offer a more plausible basis for a widespread optimal rhythm in communication. Although the size of neurons varies across species, their conductance is kept relatively constant through compensatory variations in ion channel density [22]. This results in conserved time constants for neural responses, including oscillatory phenomena [23]. The conserved rhythm found here around 2.8 Hz (95% interval 0.45–4.99 Hz) best matches delta brain oscillations (1–4 Hz). Interestingly, delta-range oscillations have been described across a wide range of taxa, including mammals, birds, reptiles and insects. In mammals, conserved oscillatory patterns have been reported from humans, primates, carnivores and rodents, with delta among the most stable across species [23]. In reptiles, such as turtles, delta activity dominates brain rhythms and supports ancient functions such as selective attention [24]. Even in birds and insects, delta oscillations have been observed during sleep or quiescent states, indicating that slow oscillatory activity is widespread throughout the animal realm [25]. Delta oscillations support slow perceptual integration and are engaged during active sensing behaviors such as sniffing or blinking [26], suggesting that they provide a fundamental temporal framework through which organisms sample and organize incoming sensory information. Because acoustic signals contain information distributed across both slow and fast temporal scales, as shown in our control analyses on context (S4 Fig), a conserved slow rhythm implies the need for a complementary faster mechanism capable of resolving finer temporal details. Within this neural framework, slow and fast timescales likely serve complementary functions. Delta oscillations would provide a long integration window that supports the identification of acoustic structure, while faster processes (most likely low-gamma) would enable rapid detection and fine temporal discrimination. This division of labor echoes the Fourier uncertainty principle, which states that long temporal windows allow precise frequency resolution at the expense of temporal precision, whereas short windows offer the opposite trade-off [27]. In this view, delta rhythms provide the temporal window best suited for integrating the broad acoustic patterns that carry communicative meaning, while faster oscillations handle local, transient features. Because the present study relies on large-scale comparative acoustic data, it naturally captures the slow integrative timescale rather than the fast detection range. Understanding how these slow and fast processes interact to shape acoustic communication will require dedicated neurophysiological work in future studies. The independence and parallel functioning of slow and fast scales acoustic processing is attested by human psychophysics findings. When time-compressed unintelligible speech is chunked and repackaged by interspersing silent gaps to restore regular syllable and word rates, speech becomes intelligible again. These results show that speech comprehension is limited by the packaging of information at slow rhythm, rather than by the absolute capacity to decode accelerated segmental (phonemic) cues [6,28]. This emphasizes the relevance of slow rhythms in maintaining acoustic signal decodability. Human speech operates at a mean rate that lies at the higher end of the median universal rhythm identified in this study, clustering around 5 Hz across all languages [8]. This reflects humans’ tendency to convey more information per unit of time compared to other species. Dogs, for instance, despite millennia of domestication and a demonstrated ability to understand many aspects of human language [29], process speech at a slower rhythm, typically between 1 and 3 Hz, than the human average of 5 Hz [30]. While they do not track the syllabic rhythm of speech, dogs tend to process it more globally, at the word rate, which aligns with their own vocal production rhythm (e.g., bark rate). These comparative findings highlight species-specific variations in preferred communication rhythms, while also underscoring a broader pattern: a conserved and effective temporal resolution for communication that enables interspecies sensitivity to acoustic signals. In sum, the conserved production rhythm identified here aligns closely with an equally conserved neural rhythm that facilitates the assignment of meaning to acoustic input, ultimately supporting an effective and evolutionarily robust communicative system. In conclusion, the maintenance throughout evolution of a common slow rhythm for acoustic signal production and perception de facto results in a common communication channel across coexisting species, offering possibilities for interspecies signaling (e.g., a common danger) and/or eavesdropping, and thus conferring evolutionary advantages. Spectral (frequency) and temporal (rhythm) features, both key to effective communication, seem to have followed different trajectories. While spectral traits diversify with the production and hearing organ anatomy, acoustic rhythms might be shaped by basic neural factors essential for survival that have led to a slow conserved optimum. Whether these neural factors were maintained because they amounted to an optimal communication design, or whether this design arose from recycling vital and highly conserved neural traits (neural rhythmicity via maintained neuronal conductance) remains to be elucidated. A further interesting avenue will be to probe for an optimum that combines fast and slow timescales in acoustic communication, alongside testing the delta wave hypothesis by assessing whether interspecific variation in rhythm is accompanied by corresponding variation in neural timescales. To perform an extensive phylogenetic comparison on a balanced phylogeny, we collected acoustic and biological data for at least one species per infra-order of tetrapods, when data were available, as well as a few species of insects and fishes, to obtain a good representation of rhythm throughout the phylogeny. Acoustic sequences were gathered from public and private databases (Fonozoo, Cisro, Berlin Museum fur Naturkunde and Xeno-canto), online videos platform (Youtube, Dailymotion), and from different research groups that kindly shared audio files. Following a cross-species literature survey [31–34], we defined a sequence as a recording of an acoustic display produced by a single individual, containing more than two calls separated by less than two seconds of silence. For computational purposes, we only retained sequences lasting more than one second. Data collection then followed a strict and standardized protocol. For each order, we first screened public databases and ranked species by the number of available sequences. We then selected the first species fulfilling the following criteria: at least five clean sequences (non-noisy, with a single individual vocalizing at a time) originating from different individuals. Once such a species was identified, we proceeded to the next infraorder. When no species meeting these criteria was available, we extended the search to private databases and directly contacted researchers. If no data could be obtained, that infraorder was excluded. Only recordings with minimal background noise and a clearly identifiable focal individual were retained; any containing rhythmic background noise, overlapping individuals, or ambiguous sound sources were excluded. This careful filtering minimized the risk of confounding effects and ensured that the extracted acoustic envelopes reliably reflected the focal signal across different sources. The final dataset comprised 98 species: 58 birds, 28 mammals, 4 amphibians, 4 insects, 1 reptile, and 1 fish. Species with fewer than five sequences were included only when they represented the sole available species for their infraorder. Weight presents an allometric relationship with morphological features and physiological processes involved in acoustic productions across various species. Thus, we collected biological data on the mean weight for each species, to serve as a proxy for heart rate, breathing rate, and metabolism. This involved calculating the average weight by considering both the minimum and maximum weights recorded for each species, irrespective of sex. These data were primarily obtained from the handbook of mammals of the world [35], and the handbook of birds of the world [36]. When data were unavailable from these sources, we looked for reference articles. Just as masticatory abilities may have influenced rhythm in mammals, a similar proposition could be made regarding beak morphology in birds. Unlike other animals, the morphological traits of a bird’s beak do not consistently adhere to an allometric relationship with its weight [37]. Thus we collected information on beak length, width and depth of our species. As these measures were not available for all species, and only applicable to birds, we could not include them in the phylogenetic model. We therefore built an additional linear mixed model investigating the variation of rhythm, including phylogenetic class and order as random effects to account for evolutionary influence, and beak length, width, depth, and their interactions as fixed effects. Data are available in the study github. As environmental conditions can impact vocal communication [38], we also collected data on the typical habitat of each species. We used a five level categorical classification, with habitats being either classified as closed (defined as habitats with heavy tree coverage), semi-closed (defined as habitats with light three coverage or human cities), open (defined as fully open habitat with no three coverage or obstacle), shore (for species living near a significant amount of water such as lakes, rivers or seas) or water (for species living below the water surface). These data were primarily obtained from the handbook of mammals of the world, and the handbook of birds of the world. When data were unavailable from these sources, we looked for reference articles. Data and linked references are available in the study github. As some have proposed that rhythmic communication in vocalizing animals may be linked to mastication regime [14–16], we also classified each species according to their mastication status (yes or no). As social complexity increases, individuals may need to communicate more information in a given time, and therefore speed up their communication. As communication signals have been linked to social complexity [20], we also gathered species vocal repertoire complexity (number of distinct calls in the species vocal repertoire) when this information was available. As this measure was not available for all species, we could not include it in the phylogenetic model. We therefore built an additional linear mixed model investigating the variation of rhythm, including phylogenetic class and order as random effects to account for evolutionary influence, and vocal complexity as fixed effect. These data were primarily obtained from the handbook of birds of the world, and reference articles. Data and linked references are available in the study github. To quantify rhythm in these acoustic sequences, we decided to adapt the method developed by Tilsen and colleagues to compute rhythm in human speech production [39]. This method uses the signal amplitude to automatically compute the rhythmic component of a sequence, without making any assumption on the components’ size, and is thus widely applicable across all species regardless of variations in unit size or spectral characteristics. First, we denoised the sequences using a first-order Butterworth filter, with a bandpass filter between a minimal frequency (minF), defined as 200 Hz below the minimum frequency of the animal call, and a maximum frequency (maxF), defined as 200 Hz above the maximum frequency of the animal acoustic signal obtained from reference articles. When this information was not available, we applied a large range filter with a 100 Hz minF and 10,000 Hz maxF. We then computed the normalized envelope of the denoised sequences using the Hilbert Transform. Next, we low-pass-filtered this envelope with a fourth-order Butterworth filter with a 20 Hz cut-off frequency to obtain the slow changes in acoustic energy. Before further analysis, we downsampled the resulting signal at 150 Hz for computational purposes, and then applied a continuous wavelet transform using the Morlet wavelet to obtain a time-frequency representation of the amplitude envelope. We replaced the Fourier transform with a wavelet transform, to allow for more flexibility with regards to the variation in sequence length present in our dataset. We finally analyzed that representation’s power spectrum to extract the five frequency peaks of highest amplitude in the power spectrum and used the time-frequency representation to select the main rhythmic component conserved across the entire sequence. To assess the validity of the proposed methodology, we conducted a comparative analysis between the calculated vocal rates of a subset comprising 10% of our database and those derived from two widely accepted conventional approaches: (1) by counting the number of elements per second (Count) and (2) by computing the inter-element interval (IEI). The three methods gave sensibly similar results (Fig 1d:F2.171= 0.33,p= 0.72), hence validating our rhythm quantification method. As further control analyses, we quantified recording durations in seconds and SNR in decibels. To control for the effect of both factors and their interaction on rhythm, we build a linear mixed model investigating the variation of rhythm including group and order as random effects, and SNR, length and their interaction as fixed effects. To determine dominant frequencies, which unlike the fundamental frequency are measurable in all types of communicative signals [40], we isolated the first acoustic unit in each denoised sequence. We then applied a single discrete Fourier transform to compute the power spectrum of these units, and extract the peak of highest amplitude. The obtained results were also visually controlled in Praat, to make sure that the extracted dominant frequency matched the acoustic energy present in the unit. If the first unit had poor SNR leading to inaccurate computation of the dominant frequency, we selected the next unit in the sequence. While the existing literature highlights the importance of context and its correlated arousal levels on acoustic signal rate [1], for most species we were not able to obtain these data. Nevertheless, whenever possible we selected recordings of different call types for each species. Further, we performed separated analysis of variance (ANOVA) to control for the effect of call type on rhythm in three species: one avian and two mammalian, from which we could obtain different call types, including contact calls, alarm calls, songs, agonistic and antagonistic vocal displays. To test our hypotheses of interest we used phylogenetic comparative methods (PCM), a broad family of methodological tools for characterizing and controlling for the evolutionary dynamics thought to give rise to the data under study. PCMs require a representation of the relatedness of the taxa under study in the form of a phylogenetic tree sample. To represent the tree topology of the species we performed a phylogenetic analysis based on comparable genetic sequences, using a Bayesian framework to infer a posterior tree sample. We first matched each species in the sample with their closest genetic proxies in GenBank [41], and extracted mitochondrial DNA for the corresponding species. For 54 of the 98 species, matching mitochondrial genomes were available from literature and deposited in GenBank. For the 44 remaining species we chose proxies from another closely related species. We took a species within the same genus when possible; if this was not available, we chose species within the family of the target species, after confirming that no more than one species per family was included in the original list. Only for four target species—Correlophus ciliates(Squamata),Galbula ruficauda(Aves),Leptosomus discolor(Aves),Phaethon rubricauda(Aves) —we did not find proxies within the family and we had to find a proxy within the order. To choose the best mtDNA proxy with those deposited in GenBank, we considered completeness of the available mitochondrial sequences and comparable average size, weight, and environment of the target species. Maximum missing data is 100 base pairs, for an average size of 16706 base pairs. MtDNA genomes were aligned with MAFFT software [42] and standard settings. The alignment was manually screened in BioEdit (version 7.2,https://thalljiscience.github.io/) for spotting irregularities and potential outlier sequences. Sequences were then cut to keep only the coding region, which is more conserved across species, using theHomo sapienssequence as a reference. The final alignment consisted of 21860 base pairs, which include large INDELs sections to accommodate alignment between the most divergent species (e.g.,Apis mellifera). We used BEAST2 to generate the trees, running 10′000′000 iterations of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) with a thinning interval of 1,000. We used the following settings to approximate the broad evolutionary range of the species considered: assuming an HKY substitution model, a strict clock (Uniform rates across branches), and a Birth-Death tree prior with a Yule birth rate. This resulted in 10′000 trees, of which we use 50 for phylogenetic comparative analyses. To assess the impact of several predictors of interest on different properties of variation in vocal rhythm and dominant frequency, we used phylogenetic regression modeling, a comparative method that assesses the effect of predictors on a response while controlling for the phylogenetic relatedness of the taxa. Due to heterogeneity in the number of datapoints and individuals in each species, we employed both non-distributional regression models, which model the mean of the response variable as a function of predictors, and distributional (scale-location) regression models, which model both the mean and standard deviation of the response variable as a function of predictors. We control for species-level idiosyncrasies in both the median and (in some cases) standard deviation of rhythm via phylogenetic random intercepts and slopes (phylogenetic random effects are similar to the standard random effects used in hierarchical regression modeling, but are generated by a Gaussian Process with a covariance kernel that is a function of the phylogenetic patristic distances between species under study rather than independently and identically distributed with diagonal variance). We fitted four phylogenetic regression models using brms [21] for each response variable (vocal rhythm, dominant frequency), resulting in eight models. Due to the constraints of bayesian multilevel modeling, particularly its sensitivity to missing data across hierarchical levels, we restricted the main model to predictors available for the majority of species. Specifically, we included average species weight (log-transformed, centered, and standardized) [43], mastication status, and species’ living environment. We also modeled the interaction between mastication status and weight. Additional predictors that were only available for a limited subset of species were analyzed separately in independent linear mixed models to avoid excessive data imputation or loss of statistical power. Our distributional models have the following basic generative process (below,is shorthand for all model predictors, including fixed and random effects): Non-distributional models have the following structure: We employ the default priors of brms. The first of the four models was a full distributional one that modeled both the expected median and variance of the response variable as a function of these predictors, while controlling for species-level idiosyncrasies in both the median and variance of rhythm via phylogenetic random intercepts and slopes. The second was a full non-distributional model that treated only the expected median rhythm as a function of the predictor variables as well as phylogenetic random intercepts and slopes. The third of these was a null distributional model that included only phylogenetic random intercepts and slopes for the expected median and variance. The final model was a null non-distributional that included only phylogenetic random intercepts and slopes for mean rhythm. We ran each of these models for 4,000 iterations of the no U-turn sampler over 4 chains with a log-normal link function and discarded the first half of samples, aggregating posterior samples across the retained sampled trees. Models in brms have the following formulae: Full, distributional Full, non-distributional Null, distributional Null non-distributional We compared fitted models via their leave-one-out ELPD values [44] and stacking [45], which average predictive distributions of different models to generate weights representing their relative predictive power. We used the function loo_compare to measure differences in ELPD across models. Finally, we inspected posterior distributions of regression coefficients of the full distributional model to assess the effects of predictors of interest. We further investigate the properties of rhythm across species using two Gaussian Process models of continuous trait evolution, asking specifically whether the evolution of vocal rhythm is characterized by a random process of drift (characterized by BM) or whether selective forces draw rhythm values toward an optimal value over time (a mean-reverting scenario characterized by an OU process). Under BM, the displacement of a continuous trait at timeshas a variance proportional to the amount of time elapsed over the course of displacement (below denoted ast), whererepresents the scale of the drift process: Under an OU process, the displacement of a character has the following formula: In the first component of the sum,represents the strength of selection to the optimal value. The second component represents a process of BM, withrepresenting the scale of drift. Thus, the OU process allows for both selective and random forces in character evolution. An standard way to interpretis to transform it to the phylogenetic half-life, ln 2/α[45]. This is interpreted as the average time for a trait to evolve halfway from an ancestral state toward a new optimum, indicating how long it will take before adaptation to a new regime is more influential than constraints from the ancestral state. If half-life values are greater than the height of the phylogeny (1 in our case, as the tree length is scaled to unit height), the process increasingly resembles BM and involves a slower adaptation speed. As above, we employ a distributional approach, allowing species-level mean rhythm values and species-level standard deviations of rhythm values to evolve over the phylogeny according to BM or OU processes. The distributional BM process has the following generative process: represents the trait value at the root of the tree, whileis a matrix of the shared history (the time between the root age of the tree and the most recent common ancestor) of each pair of nodes in the tree andis the positive scale of drift. Conventions are as above. The distributional OU process has the following generative process: represents the trait value at the root of the tree,is the positive scale of drift,αis the positive strength of selection, and Δ is a matrix of pairwise cophenetic distances between species in the phylogeny, scaled to a maximum distance of 1. Conventions are as above. We placeNormal(0,1)priors over unconstrained parameters andGamma(1,1)priors over positive parameters. In addition to running these models on all species in our sample, we validate results by running models on bird and mammal species alone. Rhythm values were reconstructed to internal nodes of the maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree of the phylogeny, using ggtree package [46] by drawing 10 draws from each of the posterior distributions inferred from the 50 different trees in the tree sample and sampling values at internal nodes of the tree from the normal distribution parameterized by the OU process, conditioned at the expected tip values (Fig 3f). All analyses and visualization were done using Stan and R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01) with the following packages Seewave [43], Soundgen [47], DoBy [48], Lme4 [49], MuMYn [50], brms [21], ggplot2 [51]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798.s001 (DOCX) a)Rhythm (Hz) as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) showing the absence of relationship between SNR and Rhythm (t= −0.21,p= 0.84,R2= 0.02).b)Rhythm (Hz) as a function of recording length showing the absence of relationship between sequence length and rhythm (t= −1.45,p= 0.15,R2= 0.02). The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798.s002 (TIF) a)Leave-one-out expected log pointwise density difference (ELPD) between the full and the null distributional models.b)Stacking weight of the models.c)Posterior credible interval (95% and 85%) of the full model.d)Dominant frequency plotted on a logarithmic scale as a function of log-transformed weight with predicted slopes from the full distributional model and their standard error. The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798.s003 (TIF) a)Leave-one-out expected log pointwise density difference (ELPD) between the null distributional (“dist”) model and the others (“ndist” for “non-distributional, modeling only the mean”).b)Stacking weight of the models. The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798.s004 (TIF) a)Leave-one-out expected log pointwise density difference (ELPD) between the null and the full distributional (scale-location) models.b)Stacking weight of the models.c)Posterior credible intervals (95% and 85%) of the full distributional model (W*M = Weight*Mastication).d)Rhythm plotted as a function of log-transformed weight with predicted slopes from the full distributional model and their standard error for masticating and non-masticating species.e)Distribution of raw median rhythm (in Hz) across birds and mammals. Each vertical black line represents the median rhythm of a single species. The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798.s005 (TIF) a)Rhythm in sequences of different call types (1 = affiliative grunt, 2 = scream, 3 = threat grunt) in olive baboons(Papio anubis).b)Rhythm in sequences of different call types (1 = bark, 2 = growl, 3 = howl, 4 = snarl, 5 = whine) in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris).c)Rhythm in sequences of different call types (1 = alarm call, 2 = flight call, 3 = song) in Eurasian stone-curlews (Burhinus oedicnemus).d)Rhythm plotted as a function of vocal repertoire size.e)Rhythm plotted as a function of beak length in birds.f)Rhythm plotted as a function of beak depth in birds.g)Rhythm plotted as a function of beak width in birds. The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798.s006 (TIF) a,f) Stacking weight of the OU and BM distributional models. b,g) Posterior distribution of rhythm in the OU distributional model. c,h) Posterior distribution of sigma, the scale of the drift process. d,i) Posterior distribution of alpha, the strength of selection. e) Posterior distribution of the phylogenetic half-life. e,j) Visualization of reconstructed median posterior values using a maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree. The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798.s007 (TIF) a)Stacking weight of the OU and BM distributional models.b)Posterior distribution of rhythm in the OU distributional model.c)Posterior distribution of sigma, the scale of the drift process.d)Posterior distribution of alpha, the strength of selection.e)Posterior distribution of the phylogenetic half-life.f)Visualization of reconstructed median posterior values using a maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree. The data underlying this Figure can be found inhttps://zenodo.org/records/19816728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003798.s008 (TIF) The authors are grateful to the CSIRO Australian National Wildlife Collection, (https://ror.org/059mabc80), Fonoteca Zoologica (https://www.fonozoo.com/), the Museum für Naturkunde of Berlin (https://www.museumfuernaturkunde.berlin) and the Xeno-Canto Foundation for Nature Sounds (https://xeno-canto.org) for their assistance in undertaking this research. The authors thank all the researchers from the NCCR Evolving Language as well as Pascal Belin and Steffen R.Hage for their insights on the project. The authors would like to thank Aaron Bauer, Andrew Spencer, Alex Kwet, Alex Rohtla, Camila Ferrara, Daniel Blumstein, Élodie Briefer, Émilie Genty, Frank Lambert, Isabelle Charrier, Gerald Carter, Hans Schneider, Marc D. Hauser, Nikola Falk, Peter Boesman and Robert Seyfarth for providing us with recordings for this study.